摘要:

SummarySome aspects of mathematical statisticsInaugural adress for the “Technische Hogeschool” at Delft on November 5th, 1952. The basic principles of mathematical statistics and the scope of its app icabidty to practical problems of various kinds are discussed on an elementary level. The method of obtaining an upper confidence limit for an unknown probability is treated from the frequentionist's point of v

ISSN:0039-0402    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9574.1952.tb00978.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1952

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryExistentialisme and Statistics.Logics are an useful tool for philosophy. But at the same time we must be aware that life is more than can be explained by logics alone. There are especially irrational decisions of laws: the governing ideas behind text and jurisdiction give ultimately the possibility to take a decision. Even in mathematics, approximations based on a sound feeling, are indispensable.Sartre, in his philosophy, trying to explain the reality of life, felt the same difficulty: with logics the problems of life remained in darkness. In his works one sees the human being in the world who has to meet hostile forces. The sage grows is mental strength, connected with all other men. For Sartre these hostile forces are formed by the power over life and death (birth control and gun).A decision in a problem of life may be irrational, but the sage man takes a decision without restriction. Hesitation is cowardice and laziness.So the modern statistics have to face many hostile forces. Modern statistics, which try to give a full quantative knowledge of life in its different aspects of national accounts, econometric analysis, sampling and complexes of more or less individual statistics, have to give information and guidance to studies and politics of science, government and enterprise.The statistics carefully prepared by the statistician in his office become part of the struggle for life of nations, enterprises and individuals. Will these statistics stand this severe trial, bearing in mind that practically all figures are more or less biassed?A figure which promises to give more than it can actually do is contrary to the statistical conscience. It asks for clarification. This is stated clearly by Boulding: “The whole problem of the proper treatment of spatial political aggregates is of great interest and much work needs to be done on it…aggregates are no reality…the significance of averages depends on frequency of distribution, …it must not be thought that aggregative thinking is without danger…”etc.So the statistician has to face the same problem as the extentialist. The statistician will have to look after the deepest values of statistics and to use the still hidden forces in it, seeing statistics as part of reality and connected with it with many visible and invisible strings.As the extentialism had to surmount many prejudices, so the statistician has now to surmount many old‐time statistical practices to build up a new set of statistics which will be strong enough to stand the hostile forces of the users who find one or more figures useless for their special purpose, though they ought to know the restricted possibilities of the figure used. This can be fatal for statistics, unless statistics give as much as possible a good picture of reality for which reorientation is wanted, while, if necessary, a statistician must have the courage to refuse

ISSN:0039-0402    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9574.1952.tb00979.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1952

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryNational AccountingA description is given of the development of national accounting in the Nether‐lands.The basic principles of the system are discussed, while the system supplemented by a so‐called input‐output table, is given for

ISSN:0039-0402    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9574.1952.tb00980.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1952

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryGeneral impressions of one of the members of the Technical Assistance Team Nr 77 “Industrial Censuses” which visited the U.S. in the summerof 1951.In the U.S.A. are more statistical data available—especially in the field of industrial‐ and labourstatistics— than in most of the European countries. Statistical research is very advanced and there is money available for this research.Some explanation is given for the fact‐mindedness and thestatistical‐mindedness of the American public as a whole.A description is given of the decentralised computation of government‐statistics and the co‐ordinating task of the Bur

ISSN:0039-0402    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9574.1952.tb00981.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1952

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryAn account is given of the International Statistical Conferences, held in Indiaduring the month of December, 1951.

ISSN:0039-0402    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9574.1952.tb00982.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1952

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0039-0402    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9574.1952.tb00983.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1952

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryAn experiment with random series.The authors constructed a random series by writing down in a haphazard sequence the 411 numbers from 1519 to i92g. The average distance betweentops (which is 3 in a random series) differs significantly from this value. Shuffling of the numbers results in a series which is random as measured by the average distance between tops.

ISSN:0039-0402    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9574.1952.tb00984.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1952

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe application of the method of least squares to a set of simultaneous equations which have one or more constants in common can be simplified by combining the equations into one equation. This can be done by assigning suitable values to the variables.This method has the advantages that it allows of giving the normal equationsa more regular form than that obtained by treating them separately, and that the usual formulae for the calculation of the best values of the constants and of the standard deviations can be applied without alterations.

ISSN:0039-0402    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9574.1952.tb00985.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1952

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryElementary proof of the independence of mean and variance of samples from a normal distribution.Usually the independence of mean and variance of samples from a normal distribution is proven by some n‐dimensional reasoning. The present article starts by proving the independence of the sample‐mean mnand the “deviation” xn–mn–1 of the last sampled element from the previous sample‐mean. This result gives an easy approach to the independence theorem, which is proven by a step‐by‐step process. A more elaborate version of the proof reveals the nature of the s‐distribution. Use is made of the n–i deviations xi–mi‐1(i = 2, 3, …, n), which are completely independent and represent the

ISSN:0039-0402    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9574.1952.tb00986.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1952

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryInversion of matrices with the aid of punched card machines.A description is given of a method of inversion cf a symmetrical matrix, which was developed and applied in the South African Weather Bureau.

ISSN:0039-0402    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9574.1952.tb00987.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1952

数据来源: WILEY