摘要:

Six cases of toxoplasmosis, all of which showed radiological evidence of multiple intracranial calcifications, are described. The varied radiological appearances are discussed at length, and it is concluded that these may be regarded as pathognomonic or highly suggestive of the diagnosis in all the six cases.A majority of the previously recorded cases have shown characteristic multiple calcifications, and the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis should, therefore, be suggested by plain X ray of the skull in a high proportion of cases. In those cases showing only single calcifications, radiological diagnosis is less certain, though the radiological findings may have a limited value as confirmatory evidence.In a minority of reported cases calcification has been absent and radiology of no diagnostic assistance.

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-24-277-31

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1951

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

1. Two cases of congenital toxoplasmosis are described in which intracerebral calcification was present at birth.2. The subsequent and rapid formation of hydrocephalus in one case is recorded.3. The importance of radiological recognition of the disease is noted.

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-24-277-38

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1951

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Female, aged 34. Admitted on account of pain in right loin, swinging temperature and rigors. Two months previously she had had two boils on the forehead.

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-24-277-40

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1951

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

1. A case of posterior mediastinal goitre is reported.2. The unusual site was associated with the signs of vascular obstruction, and tracheal pressure and irritation.3. Complete relief followed removal of an adenoma.

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-24-277-41

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1951

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Baby, C. T., age 13 weeks.He was well until 10 p.m. on the day prior to admission, when he refused his feed. Nothing abnormal was noticed. He awoke about 3 a.m. the following morning crying in a fretful manner. His mother thought that he might be hungry, but he again refused his feed, and all further feeds were refused. During the course of the morning he passed a normal stool and vomited about 2 dr. of bile stained material. At 2 p.m. his mother noticed that his breathing was becoming rapid and gasping. These symptoms increased, and at 4 p.m. he was seen by his own doctor, who witnessed a screaming attack during which the child was evidently in severe pain, and which was followed by profound collapse. The attack lasted about five minutes, but he recovered so quickly that before his second attack, 20 minutes later, he was able to smile at his parents. Following the second attack he vomited about 4 oz. of bile stained material.When first seen in Casualty at 7 p.m. he appeared quite normal, but shortly afterwards he had his third screaming attack, again followed by profound collapse, with cyanotic pallor and clammy cold skin.A normally developed, pale, slightly cyanosed infant. Respiration rate 80, pulse 180. He was placed in an oxygen tent and warmed, and after a few minutes, the respiration rate fell to 40 and the pulse to 140—150.

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-24-277-43

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1951

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Volume III, the first to appear of the four volumes which will comprise the new edition of this established radiological text-book, deals with the abdomen and replaces Volume II of the original work. Comparison of the latter's 458 pages with the 830 of the present volume gives some idea of the increase in scope and the comprehensive nature of the new edition.

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-24-277-45

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1951

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Developments in nuclear physics and their practical applications since the last International Congress have greatly increased the number and scope of potential hazards. At the same time biological research has led to an extension of our knowledge of the dangers associated with ionizing radiations. This increase of biological knowledge has not only brought a realisation of the importance of certain effects, particularly carcinogenic and genetic effects, but has also provided more information as to the permissible levels of radiation. The International Commission on Radiological Protection has therefore adopted new radiation safety standards with more rigid criteria. Such standards must, in view of the still limited experience of the effects of radiation, be kept continually under review.It appears that the effects to be considered are:(1) Superficial injuries.(2) General effects on the body, particularly the blood and blood-forming organs,e.g., production of anæmia and leukæmias.(3) The induction of malignant tumours.(4) Other deleterious effects including cataract, obesity, impaired fertility, and reduction of life span.(5) Genetic effects.While it is still fundamental to express whole-body exposure in terms of a single number, it is not practicable, in general, in view of the complexity of circumstances now arising, to express the maximum permissible now arising, to express the maximum permissible hazards in terms of a single parameter. It is, for example, highly desirable to derive values of maximum permissible concentrations of radioactive materials in the air or in drinking water, taking into account the metabolism of the materials concerned, and assuming standard anatomical, physiological, and chemical data.

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-24-277-46

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1951

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

1. For the correlation of the dose of any ionizing radiation with its biological or related effects the International Commission on Radiological Units (I.C.R.U.) recommends that the dose be expressed in terms of the quantity of energy absorbed per unit mass (ergs per gramme) of irradiated material at the place of interest.In the foregoing paragraph by “energy absorbed” is meant the energy imparted to the material by ionizing particles at the place of interest.2. Inasmuch as calorimetric methods are not usually practicable, ionization methods are generally employed. For this purpose the quantity which must be measured is the ionization produced in a gas by the same flow of corpuscular radiation as exists in the material under consideration. The energy,Em, imparted to unit mass of the material, is then essentially related to the ionization per unit mass of gas, Jm, by the equation:whereWis the average energy expended by the ionizing particles per ion pair formed in the gas, andsis the ratio of the mass stopping power of the material to that of the gas.3. Since the calculation of the dose in absolute energy units from measurements of ionization requires a knowledge of the parametersWandsas well as variables characterising the radiation and the irradiated material, the I.C.R.U. is of the opinion that tables of the best available data should be prepared as soon as possible and held under continual revision.

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-24-277-54

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1951

数据来源: WILEY