摘要:

The Editors have recently received a number of letters, to the writers of which they express their thanks, calling attention to the very ambiguous use which is being made of the symbols V and eV asadjectives. The present “style” in TheBritishJournalofRadiology(in common with other journals) is that radiation from an X-ray tube working at 75 kV is described as “75 kV radiation”, whereas that from a linear accelerator rated at 4 MeV is called “4 MeV radiation”.

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-32-377-285

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1959

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The science of epidemiology has come to mean the study of disease as a mass phenomenon. Its purpose is to disclose the causative factors of disease and thus to lead to prevention. It has achieved its major successes in the past in the field of contagious illness in which it has fulfilled its literal meaning of a study of something which falls upon people. Now, however, its disciples are turning their attention to non-contagious illness and to chronic conditions whichdeveloprather than fall upon us. It is generally recognised that chronic disease processes are often due to multiple rather than to single causes and the task of the epidemiologist in chronic disease is to unravel the intricacies of the various aetiological factors which may operate singly or in combination.The epidemiologist's unit of study is an aggregate of human beings—some fraction of the population which has been deliberately segregated by the observer. The unit may be assembled quite at random as by compiling a list of names from an electoral register, or it may be all persons of the same age or sex, or those employed in the same occupation, or anyone of a thousand different characters. One then studies certain features of medical interest in the unit by defining their prevalence or frequency of occurrence and compares the findings with those in other units or the whole population excluding the unit.

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-32-377-286

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1959

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

No satisfactory definition of chronic bronchitis has ever been devised. A review of the historical aspects reveals several of the difficulties. The term chronic bronchitis first appeared in medical literature in a small book written by Badham (1808) in which the clinical and pathological aspects were well described. Shortly after this, Laennec (1819, 1826) classified various respiratory symptoms under the name of bronchial catarrh and rejected the term chronic bronchitis as he was not satisfied that an inflammation always exsited. However, chronic bronchitis rapidly became a favourite diagnosis in Britain and text-books written during the first half of the nineteenth century devoted much space to it. When the Registrar General started issuing his annual returns of causes of death in 1841, bronchitis figured prominently, and has done so ever since.

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-32-377-289

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1959

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Chronic bronchitis is primarily concerned with changes in the bronchi, especially hypersecretion of mucus and damage caused by infection. This latter also causes emphysema, which must be included in any discussion of chronic bronchitis, but as it occurs in the respiratory part of the lung it is convenient to discuss it separately.In chronic bronchitis the most constant clinical finding is cough and sputum which, although it may be purulent from the presence of pus, is often mucoid.Normal. Mucous secretion is a normal function of the bronchial tree, mucous glands being concentrated in the trachea, lobar and segmental bronchi and the larger intra-segmental branches. Tracing an axial pathway in the direction of the periphery, the glands are numerous in the proximal five or so divisions and then decrease progressively in the smaller bronchi. Goblet cells, the mucus-secreting cells in the epithelium lining the bronchial tree, extend as far as its final ramifications, the terminal bronchioles, but, although here they are sparse, proximally goblet cells are numerous. Up to 100 ml. of mucoid secretion may be formed in a day but this amount does not give rise to phlegm.Hypersecretion. The earliest clinical finding in chronic bronchitis is cough and mucoid sputum, but it is not known what increase is necessary before sputum is produced nor what percentage of any increase is coughed up. In its earliest stages then chronic bronchitis would seem to be essentially a hypersecretion of mucus.

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-32-377-291

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1959

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

It is shown that the following factors are more consistent and sensitive in relation to the clinical condition of fatigue, lassitude and weakness, of persons exposed to ionizing radiation than are the usual blood tests: ratio of monocytes plus large lymphocytes to small lymphocytes, ratio of large to small lymphocytes, the percentage of lymphocytes which show granules in the cytoplasm, the percentage of monocytes which are of a particular type and an Index (1) and Index (2) derived from certain of these factors.The mean values for the “well” and “not well” conditions showed 1·8 to 10-fold variation for these tests, whereas the usual blood tests showed only 1·007 to 1·35-fold variation between the values for the two conditions.There is a close inverse correlation between the percentage of the lymphocytes which show granules in the cytoplasm and the percentage of the monocytes which are of a particular type.

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-32-377-306

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1959

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Otto Glasser's authoritative and fascinating biography of W. C. Röntgen was first published in 1945 to mark the centenary of Röntgen's birth and the 50th anniversary of the discovery of X rays. The second edition is in the main a reprint of the first, but a small amount of new material has been added and some of the old illustrations have been replaced by better ones. A particularly valuable feature of the book is the inclusion of new translations of the three famous papers. Two of these, entitled “On a New Kind of Rays”, were published in theSitzungsberichte, of the Physical Medical Society of Würzburg on December 28, 1895, and March 9, 1896, whilst the third was sent to the Prussian Academy of Sciences and published on March 10, 1897, under the title “Further Observations on the Properties of X-rays”.

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-32-377-314

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1959

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The cases referred to in this paper are derived from the Bristol Bone Tumour Registry, and they are gathered from a number of separate orthopaedic and radiotherapeutic centres. For this reason the methods of treatment used have differed from case to case so that we have no considerable number treated by any constant method and cannot produce anything very significant in the way of statistics. We can, however, produce examples of a certain variety of techniques. The giant cell tumours referred to are all osteoclastomata. So far as is possible, the Registry has excluded variants such as aneurysmal bone cyst, fibrous dysplasia, chondroblastoma, etc.Like many other tumours, osteoclastoma should be graded for malignancy. We have followed the method described by Lichstenstein, who places the tumours into three grades judged by the microscopic morphological appearances. The grade 3 tumours are the most malignant and should, in my opinion, be treated from the outset as sarcomata. They include the tumours which metastasise.The grade 2 tumours are at least potentially malignant, with a considerable tendency to recur after the more limited methods of treatment. The grade 1 cases comprise about 50 per cent of the total number and have the best prognosis.Before proceeding to details of treatment, it may be useful to discuss some of the points which determine the choice between surgery and radiotherapy, and to do this even at the risk of stressing the obvious, because up till now there has been much variation of opinion and practice.

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-32-377-315

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1959

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The value of glossopharyngeal breathing in patients who have respiratory difficulties has been confirmed. The method has been investigated by cineradiography and although in some respects similar to swallowing it is not identical: one of the principal features of swallowing, the pharyngeal constrictor peristaltic wave, is absent. Our experience is still limited but we have found that cineradiography is a useful method to determine why some patients do not acquire this method of breathing.

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-32-377-322

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1959

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Course will be held at the Radiology Institute of the University of Genoa, under the direction of Professor Alessandro Vallebona.The programme covers Tomography in all its aspects: theory, geometrical studies, technique and instruments, and communications by members of the Course are invited.

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-32-377-328

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1959

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A case of adenomatous polyp of the jejunum with intussusception is described. The diagnosis was made on the radiological examination. Symptoms had been present for six years before the diagnosis was made. Melaena of sufficient severity to require repeated blood transfusions was the main symptom.The clinical and radiological features of benign small intestine tumours and intussusception are discussed briefly.The case illustrates the necessity for careful examination of the small intestine when routine examination fails to reveal the cause of melaena.

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-32-377-329

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1959

数据来源: WILEY