摘要:

Osteoporosis is a disorder characterised by a reduction in bone mass without any known change in its chemical composition. This disorder appears usually to affect trabecular bone in the first instance but, as we shall show, compact bone may also be involved. It is responsible for a great deal of backache and disability in elderly women, and probably accounts for the increasing incidence of fractures of the femoral neck and shaft with advancing age. The definition, diagnosis, treatment and possible prevention of this condition are therefore of some medical and social importance.Osteoporosis is commonly classified into idiopathic, post-menopausal and senile varieties. We find this classification unsatisfactory because it makes certain assumptions about the pathogenesis of the disease which are quite unproven and may in fact be incorrect (Nordin, 1960a). It is probably preferable to classify the condition on the following lines:—1. Generalised osteoporosis.(a) Primary osteoporosis—cause unknown.(b) Secondary osteoporosis—associated with hyperthyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, diabetes, hyperparathyroidism, acromegaly.2. Localised osteoporosis—associated with immobilisation, rheumatoid arthritis and trauma (Sudeck's atrophy).Osteomalacia is the adult form of rickets. The essential feature of this condition is a progressive fall in the mineral content of the bone rather than a diminution of bone mass. This is due not to the removal of mineral from the bone skeleton but to a failure of deposition of mineral in new bone and cartilage.

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-34-407-683

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper describes a series of quantitative measurements of bone mineral content in the limbs of normal healthy adults. The object of these measurements was to determine the range of variation in normal people, and the extent to which various factors influence the bone mineral content.Measurements were made at the lower end of the ulna and on the posterior process of the calcaneum. The method used to measure bone mineral content in the lower ulna has been described previously (Keane, Spiegler and Davis, 1959). For the measurement of the mineral content of the posterior process of the calcaneum the method has been modified and is illustrated diagrammatically in Figs. 1 and 2. A Perspex tank, 12 cm wide, 35 cm long and 20 cm deep is used. In the tank are placed two movable Perspex bridges which support the foot 6 cm from the bottom. The foot is placed with its lateral border in contact with the side of the tank; in this way the long axis of the calcaneum lies at 90 deg. to the X-ray beam. The patient is seated with the lower leg vertical to avoid inversion or eversion of the calcaneum. The standard wedge is fixed vertically in a movable block of Perspex of the same height as the foot supports, so that the centre of the wedge can be placed immediately behind the heel.

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-34-407-693

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper deals with the measurement of bone mineral concentration in the distal third of the ulna in patients suffering from a variety of diseases, all of which affect in some way the bony skeleton. These diseases are somewhat loosely described as metabolic bone diseases. For convenience, osteoporosis of unknown cause is included in this group. In most instances, the whole of the bony skeleton is presumed to be affected by these diseases, but not all bones and not all parts of one bone need be equally or even similarly affected.For all practical purposes, there are only three kinds of abnormality encountered in metabolic bone diseases, osteomalacia, osteoporosis and osteosclerosis. The paper by Nordin and Barnett (1961) has clearly illustrated the fundamental distinction between osteomalacia and osteoporosis. Osteosclerosis can be defined in similar terms. Osteoporosis and osteomalacia both result in a reduced mineral content per unity volume of bone. At any one site in any one bone it is not possible by radiological methods to specify whether a reduction in bone mineral concentration is due to osteomalacia, to osteoporosis or to both. This is not to deny the existence of radiological criteria of osteomalacia, or the possibility that there may be radiological criteria of osteoporosis, but these criteria are relatively crude and may require radiological survey of many parts of the skeleton for their demonstration.

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-34-407-698

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We record with very much regret the death of Mr. Russell S. Wright. An obituary notice will appear in the December issue.

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-34-407-712

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The incidence of constitutional symptoms following radical post-operative irradiation in carcinoma of the breast is recorded. The effect of such irradiation on the skin and underlying pulmonary tissues is considered in the light of the symptoms caused and the changes found on chest X-ray examination.

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-34-407-713

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This symposium was designed to review the available evidence on life shortening and the induction of tumours, cataracts and mutations by irradiation in animals and man, and in particular to assess the possibilities and limitations of extrapolation from animal experiments to man. The emphasis is thus on the critical appraisal of the effects rather than on the reporting of new data, though some of these are given.

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-34-407-719

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The criteria for the choice of source size and radiation conditions for a60Co therapy unit are considered. It is concluded that the S.S.D. should be between the limits 60 to 80 cm with a dose-rate of 50 to 150 rads/min. The effect of source dimensions on penumbra and of self absorption loss on source efficiency with practicable specific activities are discussed, and suggestions made for an optimum source suitable for use in three successive types of unit as the activity falls.

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-34-407-720

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A simple method for the translation of isodose graphs into numerical grids is described and the use of these grids for automatic dose computation of multiple field treatments is demonstrated. Details of the preparations of grid values, I.B.M. cards, and programme for one particular computer are given in detail.

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-34-407-726

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The urinary excretion of90Sr following acute accidental inhalation of strontium carbonate was followed for 300 days; less complete data on faecal excretion were also obtained. The urinary excretion rate could be expressed as a three-component exponential function of time, with a fourth component to account for an initial increase in the excretion rate. This was considered to reflect a reservoir of the insoluble carbonate in the lung. Over the period 20 days to 304 days the urinary excretion rate could also be represented as a power function of time. The initial intake was calculated from the total excretion and from the activity found in a blood sample. The results were in agreement with the values obtained by measuring the bremsstrahlung in a whole-body γ-ray spectrometer, and from an empirical equation relating retention to daily urinary excretion derived from a study of the retention in two men following intravenous injection of 0·5 μc strontium.

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-34-407-734

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Design of a Treatment Room to House a Gantry-mounted 4 MeV Linear Acceleratorby David Greene and S. Kenneth Stephenson (October, 1961).In the last paragraph on p. 642 it is stated that “by makingL= 15 ft. a maximum field of about 140 × 160 cm …. may be obtained”. This should read “by makingL= 7 ft. ….”. The 15 ft. distance referred to is from O to to the wall FJ.

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-34-407-740

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY