摘要:

In a few weeks we shall pause for the twentieth time in our daily affairs to remember the end of the four-year disaster which stands out as the boundary between the world of to-day and a world which those of us who are in middle life can well remember, but which to the younger generation is merely history. Nowhere is the difference between pre-war and post-war more marked than in the field of radiology.The post-war generation of X-ray workers is now in the early twenties, and will very soon enter the field of radiology as radiologists, physicists, radiographers, or engineers. I want, this evening, to try to see British radiology through the eyes of my unknown young friends, and to suggest to them one or two things which, during their innings, they might do.The practice of radiology to-day, as compared with pre-war days, has undergone great change. This is due largely to the rise of the state-controlled hospital and to the size and cost of X-ray equipment. It is difficult, and probably quite controversial, to express an opinion as to what will be the course of private radiology, but we can agree that the quantity of work done in voluntary, or state, institutions will be a very great multiple of that which is done in private practice.The newcomer is therefore most likely to find his life's work in the whole-time service of a large voluntary hospital or a group of small ones, or in a state-controlled hospital.

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-11-132-769

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1938

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Forty-two years have elapsed since X rays were discovered, but the science of Radiology is still in a rapidly expanding condition.That this is so, is very evident from the fact that accommodation which hitherto sufficed for the Exhibition of Apparatus at the Annual Congress is not now enough.

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-11-132-778

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1938

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The action of radium on developing bones has been studied in rabbits, chickens, and previously in dogs and goats.If a sufficient dosage has been applied a complete arrest of the bone growth or a curvature has been achieved, according to whether the whole ephiphyseal cartilage or only a part of it has been exposed.A genu varum resulted if the radium had been planted on the medial, and a genu valgum if planted on the lateral side of the knee.The radiation effect in bones—retardation of growth and development of deformities—was in direct proportion to the dosage, which in my experiments varied between 4 and 25 day-mgm.There is a gross difference in the radiosensitivity of the epiphyseal cartilage of different species. It seems that the higher developed an animal is from the phylogenetic standpoint, the more sensitive is its cartilage. Chickens were less sensitive than rabbits, and these less than dogs and goats.The radiosensitivity of the epiphyseal cartilage decreases rapidly on the other hand, with the age of the individual animal.In a considerable proportion of animals the anatomical character of the epiphyseal cartilage played an important part as to its radiosensitivity. The distal cartilage of the femur reacted to radium much more readily than did the proximal cartilage of the tibia in the same individual. This observation, however, needs further confirmation.The epiphyseal cartilage responds to radiation first with an arrest of growth, to be followed by a transitory stage of over-production, and ends again by a final arrest.The epiphyseal cartilage is proposed as a test tissue to be utilised in the study of biological effects of radiation.The question whether one has it under control to restrict the growth-inhibitive action of radium to circumscribed areas of epiphyseal cartilage gains further confirmation in the experiments.The practical conclusions and possibilities of this fact are discussed.

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-11-132-779

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1938

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Although the progress attained in the apparatus and in the technique of radiology has been rapid and important, we must acknowledge that there still exists a great difference between the living organism and its representation in a simple radiograph.Therefore, from the outset of Röntgen's discovery, radiologists strove to obtain images of the movements of the organs, but for several years their efforts failed.In recent years the results of experimental cineradiography offer a wide field for the study of the normal and pathological morphology of the moving organs.When we review the processes actually employed, we find, on one side, the indirect radiographic method, which consists in filming the images succeeding one another upon a fluorescent screen, and on the other side, the direct radiographic method which records directly upon a roll, or a series of X-ray films, a sufficient number of ordinary radiographs which are afterwards transposed upon a standard projection film.The indirect method was invented in 1926 by London and Comandon, and perfected by Luboshez, Janker from Bonn, Russell Reynolds of London and Djan from Paris. The direct method has been, up to now, practically non-existent.For twenty-five years, the indirect method was the sole one to be employed, but although it has some advantages it has also defects, among others, the impossibility of usefully registering the movements of the deep organs such as the urethra, the kidneys and the gall-bladder.

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-11-132-804

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1938

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

At a meeting of the Institute held on November 17, 1938, the following elections took place:—

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-11-132-808

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1938

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A dosage system expressed in terms of röntgens is proposed for the treatment of cancer of the uterine cervix.The anatomy of the part is considered in relation to spread of disease and to normal tissue tolerance.The vaginal and uterine applicators are described.Calculations are given to show how the dose may be balanced at selected points in the pelvis.The relation of such a system to the Paris and Stockholm techniques is discussed, and the Manchester technique for the study of maximum tolerance is described.

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-11-132-809

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1938

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The author draws attention to the similarity between leucopenia produced by benzol and that due to radium, and notes that Friemann found experimentally, in animals, that the leucopenia due to benzol could be prevented by giving Vitamin C.

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-11-132-824

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1938

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A cone unit, based upon principles put forward by Benner, has been designed for a radium beam unit having a single ring arrangement of radium containers. The depth dose is thereby increased more efficiently than by the alternative method of increasing the radium-skin distance, and an improved definition of the gamma-ray beam is obtained. Results for cones of various sizes illustrate the control exercised by certain cone dimensions.

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-11-132-825

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1938

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Twenty-third Guthrie Lecture of the Physical Society was delivered by Professor A. V. Hill, O.B.E., M.A., Sc.D., M.D., Sec.R.S., on November 11, 1938, at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Kensington, S.W.7, on “The Transformations of Energy and the Mechanical Work of Muscles.”

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-11-132-830

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1938

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The 12th Annual Congress and Exhibition of Radiology will be held at the Central Hall, Westminster, and will be opened by the President, Mr. W. E. Schall, at 2.30 p.m. on Wednesday, December 7. The Exhibition will be open from 10 a.m. to 7 p.m. on Wednesday and Thursday, and until 6 p.m. on Friday.

DOI:10.1259/0007-1285-11-132-831

出版商:The British Institute of Radiology    

年代:1938

数据来源: WILEY