摘要:

ABSTRACTWith instructions not to try to figure out the experiment nor to aid or inhibit their natural responses,Ss report even complex CS‐UCS contingencies quite accurately after most single cue and differential eyelid conditioning experiments. These cognitions, however, are rarely related to the S's conditioning performance. With a less obvious discriminandum, grammaticality of simple adjective‐noun phrases, accuracy of reporting the differential cue was enhanced significantly when high imagery nouns were employed, andSs unable to report the discriminandum learned no conditioned discrimination. Only those “aware’Ss who gave the V‐form of the eyelid CR topography showed conditioned discrimination that was significantly superior to that of “unaware’Ss. Many kinds of cognitions are conditioned in the eyelid experiments, and awareness of CS‐UCS contingencies may be a necessary but certainly not a sufficient condition for learning to occur. Awareness of CS‐CR contingencies is almost never reported and consequently is unrelated to conditioning performance. In eyelid conditioning, cognitions may be viewed as simply another class of responses that are conditioned. Feedback from other CRs may, or may not, influence the cours

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb01086.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis paper reviews experimental evidence relevant to the issue of whether human classical conditioning can occur in the absence of awareness of the CS‐UCS contingency (contingency learning). It is concluded that the evidence fails to convincingly demonstrate successful conditioning in the absence of contingency learning. In fact, the evidence is more consistent with the view that contingency learning is an essential mediator of human classical conditioning. Although original learning may require the presence of contingency learning, the performance of a previously acquired conditioned response may not require such mediatio

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb01087.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe question of whether there is human classical conditioning without cognitive expectancy (as indexed by the GSR) is considered. A series of prior research reports by the authors is summarized. A theoretical position is proposed that states that a given CR may consist of two components—one expectancy dependent, the other independent of expectancy. The problems in demonstrating CRs that are not dependent upon cognitive expectancy are discusse

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb01088.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTA view of the processes involved in single cue and differential skeletal conditioning is presented, and the implications for studies investigating the effects of awareness on autonomic conditioning are discussed. Skeletal conditioning studies are described which indicate that masking tasks can greatly reduce and in some cases largely eliminate differential responding, but not response acquisition per se. These effects occur even whenSs report the conditioning contingencies. The data thus suggest thatSs given masking tasks may be “functionally unaware’ during conditioning, with an attendant decrease in differential conditioning performance, even though they have knowledge of the conditioning contingencies as demonstrated by post‐experimental r

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb01089.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe issue of whether the autonomic activity of intellectually capable humanSs can be differentially conditioned without their knowledge of the CS‐UCS relations is examined. Results from two recent studies are presented showing that differential electrodermal conditioning can be obtained when Ss are distracted from recognition of the CS‐UCS relations by embedding the conditional stimuli in a probability learning task. The characteristics of conditioning with and without awareness of the stimulus relations are described, and evaluated for accord with Razran's (1955) propositions regarding relational learning and “true’ condi

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb01090.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe relationship between expectancy and magnitude of reaction to a noxious UCS was examined in studies using a classical conditioning paradigm, in habituation studies, and in studies using a count‐up to stimulus presentation. An initial hypothesis that accurate expectancy reduces reactivity was found inadequate, and replaced by one that stated that accurate expectancy facilitates habituation. Although this hypothesis was consistent with the data reviewed, it was concluded that it, too, requires modification. The final hypothesis proffered was that accurate expectancy facilitates habituation when it fosters appropriate modulation of attention, which, for highly threatening stimulation, consists of a degree of restriction of attention to begin with, followed by increasing attention to new elements of the stimulus complex as reactivity to old elements is reduce

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb01091.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTBecause certain recently adopted doctrinaire cognitivist positions are just as undesirable as the doctrinaire behaviorist positions of the fifties, evidence is presented to indicate that there are some instances where cognitive factors do not appear to control autonomic conditioning. The first aspect of that evidence deals with tests of the applicability of the contingency position to Pavlovian autonomic conditioning, and the data indicate that conditioned autonomic responses like the GSR do not act like “contingency analysers” over CS‐US intervals ranging from .75 to 8.0 sec. Moreover, measures of cognitive subjective contingency (SC), which could not be taken in the animal studies used previously to support the contingency analysis of Pavlovian conditioning, indicate that the humanSs are aware of the contingency differences considered important for autonomic conditioning by the contingency position. This lack of correspondence between the autonomic and cognitive dependent variables is also relevant to another form of the cognitive‐control position, that knowledge of CS‐US contingencies is related to autonomic conditioning. Such relations were not, in fact, observed between the extents of autonomic and cognitive (SC) discrimination. Finally, a more sensitive and continuous measure of SC is proposed which should yield more precise answers to the empirical and complex question of the limits of cognitive control of conditioned autonomic

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb01092.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe phenomenon of multiple autonomic responding is analyzed in terms of the component responses of the multiple response pattern (CS‐R, PRE‐US‐R, POST‐US‐R). CS‐R is interpreted as a function of two mechanisms: (1) an orienting response sensitive to temporal and event uncertainty, and (2) a component sensitive to stimulus sequence. Both components are subject to cognitive control, but also appear operative in cognitively deficient populations (e.g., the mentally retarded). PRE‐US‐R is interpreted as unique to language‐capable humans and manifested when perceptual‐verbal processes actually are involved inS's interaction with the stimulus paradigm. It is, perhaps, an autonomic correlate of “awareness”. POST‐US‐R is interpreted as the earliest development of a neuronal model of stimulus sequence, but subject to enhancement or suppression via cognitive factors. When the human subject has full possession of his cognitive and symbolic processes and relates to the conditioning paradigm in terms of these processes, conditioning phenomena will be quite different than when these processes are absent or directed into nonparadigm‐related activities. The effect of rendering cognitive processes dysfunctional cannot be predicted from autonomic behavior mediated by cognitive processes operating natur

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb01093.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb01094.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb01095.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY