ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1986.tb00593.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis paper describes data which for the first time show correlations between the visual steady state evoked response (SSER) and human cognitive activity. Individual subjects exhibit characteristic evoked potential phase relationships to flicker stimuli, and these were found to be related to the individual's speed of response in a memory scanning task. In addition, evoked response phase lags to different flicker frequencies were related to the component processes involved in the task. The brain's response to high frequency flicker is related to the sensory input portion of a memory scanning task while the response to medium frequency flicker is related to the memory look‐up aspects of this tas

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1986.tb00594.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1986.tb00595.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTDifferences in cardiovascular reactivity to stress between individuals with and without a family history of essential hypertension (EH) may be affected by stimulus characteristics and/or individual differences in behavioral response. Twenty‐four male students with a parental history of EH and 24 without a parental history of EH participated in two laboratory sessions during which two “active’ (mental arithmetic and the Stroop word‐color interference test) stressors and one “non‐active’ (isometric hand‐grip) stressor were presented. Family history subjects exhibited greater systolic blood pressure responses than non‐family history subjects only to the two active stressors in Session 2, despite the fact that, overall, isometric hand‐grip elicited the largest responses. High‐performing Stroop subjects with a parental history of EH displayed greater heart rate responses to the task than high‐performing subjects without a parental history of EH in both sessions. No group differences appeared among poor performers. The degree to which a stressor encourages active coping behavior appears to be one determinant of differences in cardiovascular response between individuals with and without

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1986.tb00596.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe Transcendental Meditation (TM) technique has been reported to produce cortical states of both steady responsiveness and lack of responsiveness to external stimulation during meditation. The present study examined alpha blocking, skin conductance, and phasic heart rate response to 80dB tones in 17 TM meditators and 17 controls. There were no significant differences between groups in rate of habituation of alpha blocking or skin conductance response, and neither group showed habituation of heart rate responding. Controls displayed a more labile and accelerative cardiac response. Results suggest the possible usefulness of cardiac waveform activity in the study of meditation.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1986.tb00597.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to compare the relative discriminability of heartbeat detection tasks described by Whitehead, Drescher, Heiman, and Blackwell (1977) and Katkin, Morell, Goldband, and Bernstein (1980) with a third procedure designed to capitalize on the strengths of the other two. One‐hundred‐and‐eight subjects were given 2 blocks of 25 trials in which they attempted to discriminate whether a short train of auditory and visual pulses were contiguous with their ongoing cardiac activity. Subjects were divided into three experimental groups. When subjects were tested without knowledge of results (KR), all three procedures yielded approximately similar discrimination performances, with only the new procedure significantly exceeding that expected by chance. Over 25 trials with KR, the new procedure yielded significantly higher discrimination performance than baseline, an effect not achieved by the Katkin or Whitehead procedures. A second experiment assessed subjects' ability to discriminate S+and S−trials in the new procedure based on a noncardiac input. Subjects could not reliably perform this discrim

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1986.tb00598.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1986.tb00599.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIn order to determine the effects of napping and resting on mood and performance for nappers and nonnappers, 48 habitual nappers and 46 habitual nonnappers were randomly assigned to take a nap, to rest in bed without falling asleep, or to watch a neutral videotape (control group). Measurements were obtained from a 10‐min auditory reaction time task, a 10‐min addition task, and three self‐report mood measures 15 min before and after each condition. Subjects in the nap and rest conditions had electrodes attached for recording EEG, EOG, and EMG during the hour‐long treatments. Results showed that napping and resting served to improve mood regardless of whether a person habitually naps or not. Sleep itself may not be crucial in improving mood; what may be more important is the period of relaxation common to napping and resting in bed. Overall, performance measures were not affected by either napping or

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1986.tb00600.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1986.tb00601.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis study was designed to examine the hypothesis that certain behavioral demands may tend to trigger sympathetic mechanisms which result in metabolically excessive cardiac output elevations. Oxygen consumption and cardiac output adjustments during a contrived reaction‐time shock‐avoidance task were compared to a cold pressor test in healthy young male adults. The linear cardiac output/oxygen consumption relationship generated by performance on a graded exercise task was used to assess the metabolic appropriateness of cardiac output adjustments to the reaction‐time task and cold pressor. The reaction‐time task was generally found to evoke metabolically excessive increases in cardiac output, while cardiac output adjustments to cold pressor were more consistent with changes in metabolic demands. However, the tasks were associated with similar heart rate responses, with a significant attenuation in stroke volume during cold pressor accounting for the differential alterations in cardiac output. This finding suggests a limited reliability for heart rate as an index of cardiac performance. The effects of propranolol, which was employed to evaluate the role of sympathetic influences, indicated that beta‐adrenergic mechanisms were responsible for mediating the cardiac output response to the reaction‐time task, but only partially contributed to the cold pressor response. Post‐hoc analyses of individual differences in cardiovascular reactivity to the reaction‐time task suggest that, for hyperreactive individuals, the coping responses evoked by this task may lead to tissue overperfusion with oxygen, thereby providing a stimulus for autoregulatory vascular reflexes which may be associated with the etiology of hyper

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1986.tb00602.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY