ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb00901.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIt is deduced from physical principles that the physical intensity (and presumably the painfulness or rated intensity) of a constant‐current shock should decrease with lowered skin resistance whereas that of a constant‐voltage shock should increase. In terms of the preparatory‐response hypothesis, therefore, base skin resistance should fall as a tonic response to background cues with constant‐current shocks and rise with constant‐voltage shocks. By the same token, interpolated shocks of the opposite kind in each case should be rated as more intense than those of the same kind. These predictions were confirmed exper

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb00902.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTAn experiment was conducted to investigate the interaction of task incentive and the Type A behavior pattern in determining psychomotor performance and psychophysiological responses during a verbal problem solving task. Twenty‐four Type A and 17 Type B subjects as determined by the structured interview were randomly assigned to a Monetary Incentive condition or a Non‐incentive Control condition. Results indicated that the presence or absence of explicit incentives affected task performance for Type As but not for Type Bs. Type As gave more responses more quickly when offered monetary reward. In contrast, the effects of incentive on cardiovascular responses were observed in Type B subjects but not Type As. Type As showed increased systolic blood pressure and heart rate and skeletal muscle vasodilatation in both conditions, while Type Bs showed increased heart rate and systolic blood pressure only when incentives were offered. Type Bs in the Control condition did not change significantly from baseline and actually tended to respond with a deceleration of heart rate and skeletal muscle vasoconstriction. The results are discussed in terms of the need to consider both the interaction of Type A with the nature of the task and thepatternof cardiovascular responses in future studies of psychophysiologic differences between Type A and Type B individu

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb00903.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb00904.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe effects of instructions to ignore or attend to stimuli on electrodermal habituation were examined in 122 males who were divided between two groups (Ignore and Attend). One third of the subjects in each group were exposed to seventeen 70, 90, or 110 dB tones while they listened to a radio play. The Ignore subjects were exhorted to immerse themselves in the story and forget about the tones. The Attend group was instructed to count the tones and to be certain they all sounded the same. Another group (Neutral, N = 20, exposed to 110dB tones) was told only that they would hear some tones; no story was presented. The Ignore groups were less responsive and habituated faster than the Attend groups. When the Neutral subjects were compared to the others at 110dB, they were found to have response characteristics that were similar to those of the Attend group, indicating that the specific instructions to attend to the stimuli did not augment responding and that differences between the Attend and Ignore groups are more likely due to the effort of the latter to ignore the stimuli. These findings show that instructions can have important effects on electrodermal responsivity.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb00905.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTMany instances exist of significant memory loss for events during brief awakenings from sleep. The present experiment sought to determine whether such memory loss was attributable to depth of pre‐awakening sleep or to length of awakening. Fourteen young adult subjects performed a standard memory task after being awakened from stage 2 or stage 4 sleep. Subjects either remained awake for 8 min or returned to sleep immediately after the learning task. Both short and long term memory were significantly worse when awakenings were made from stage 4 (deep) compared with stage 2 (light) sleep and when learning occurred immediately after being awakened. No significant effects were found when the length of the period awake after learning was lengthened. It was concluded that memory for events occurring during brief awakenings was affected by the prior stage of sleep. The effect was discussed as an example of state dependent learnin

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb00906.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb00907.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTPhasic heart rate (HR) responses and disjunctive reaction time (RT) performance were measured in 16 human subjects to investigate whether anticipatory cardiac responses differ in RT and unavoidable shock (US) tasks under propranolol and placebo conditions. Five different task conditions were randomly presented. A warning signal (S1) informed the subject about the nature of the task at the second stimulus (S2). The conditions included a control, a RT, a shock avoidance RT, an unavoidable shock, and a mixed (either a RT or US) task. Three cardiac responses occurred in the interstimulus interval: sustained acceleration (control), sustained deceleration (US), and acceleration followed by deceleration (normal‐RT and avoidance‐RT). The results showed that HR responses cannot be adequately interpreted without considering the type of task employed. It was concluded that both common and specific task parameters influence HR responding in RT and US ta

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb00908.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTEvent‐related potentials were recorded to two equiprobable, task‐relevant visual stimuli (0.00 and 1.00) under three different conditions. In the baseline condition subjects attended to both stimuli and pressed the appropriate button to each stimulus. In the Accuracy/Incentive condition subjects earned one dollar each time the 1.00 stimulus was presented by accurately pressing the appropriate button after each stimulus. Incorrect presses to either stimulus resulted in the loss of a dollar. In the Speed‐Accuracy/Incentive run, subjects could only earn one dollar to the 1.00 stimulus if they accurately pressed the correct button within 350 msec. Reaction times greater than 350 msec to either stimulus resulted in the loss of a dollar. The results indicate that the amplitude of the P3 component is significantly different to equiprobable task‐relevant stimuli with differential incentive values. P3 may reflect the subjective motivational properties of

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb00909.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTWe studied the relationship between sympathetic neuronal function and left ventricular performance during stress in humans by analysis of endogenous catecholamine levels and systolic time intervals. The results showed that performance on a stressful cognitive task was accompanied by changes in plasma catecholamines, heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and systolic time intervals. The cardiovascular responses were significantly correlated with plasma levels of epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE). The relationship between plasma catecholamines and systolic time intervals is thought to reflect sympatho‐adrenomedullary impact on left ventricular performance during stres

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb00910.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY