摘要:

ABSTRACTResearch relating personality variables to physiological responsivity and to motor performance is reviewed. Trait anxiety isnotrelated to physiology but ego strength is related tochangein physiological levels. Skin conductance is most consistently related to ego strength across experimental conditions and across subjects. Other physiological variables are also related to ego strength in certain subjects under certain conditions. Data relating ego strength to other personality variables and to psychomotor performance is also reviewed. A theory relating personality to physiological change is proposed.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb00789.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTAfter a review of the evidence against the role of autonomic responses in the mediation of informational cognitive control, which occurs when merely signaling an inescapable shock reduces perceived aversiveness, it was noted that verbal indices of aversiveness had yielded results which were contrary to the informational control notion itelf. On the other hand, the fact that signaled shocks elicit smaller autonomic responding than unsignaled shocks still does not support the notion, because of confounding through response interference. In the present experiment with 48Ss, electrodermal recovery time was examined as an unconfounded and novel autonomic index of the relative aversiveness of signaled and unsignaled shocks in a specially adapted form of the differential conditioning paradigm. This autonomic index was sensitive to the UCS‐intensity manipulation, but despite this sensitivity, both this autonomic index and other verbal indices showed that, contrary to the informational‐control notion, signaling does not reduce shock aversiven

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb00790.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTWe investigated the relationship between the attention enhancement of the visual average evoked response (AER) and theS's ability to predict the presentation of the attended stimulus. Twelve students were presented with sequences of two distinct visual stimuli while DC EEG and electro‐oculogram (EOG) were simultaneously recorded. Stimuli were either regularly alternated (predictable) or randomly intermixed (nonpredictable). Verbal instructions directedS's attention and push button response to either one or both of the two stimuli. Interstimulus interval was held constant to permit computer averaging of the AER and the contingent negative variation.Selective attention enhanced the late positive component of the AER equally in the two conditions of predictability. Thus, it seems that the AER enhancement with intramodal selective attention does not depend on theS's ability to predict the presentation of the attended stimulus or to differentially arouse prior to its presentation. In the high predictability condition, the baseline EEG potential fluctuated with attention such that the AERs to the attended stimuli were negative relative to those to the ignored stimul

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb00791.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe psychophysiological literature has often ignored possible differences in the effects of white noise and tone stimulation. Twelve undergraduateSs presented with 10 white noise and 12Ss presented with 10 tone stimuli of 5‐sec duration, uncontrolled, fast rise time, and equal SPL (85 dB re 0.0002 microbars) showed large differences in heart rate (HR) response. Noise elicited a diphasic response of marked acceleration followed by deceleration and tone a triphasic response of deceleration‐acceleration‐deceleration. The short‐latency acceleration following noise habituated rapidly although some acceleration persisted throughout the 10 trials. With stimulus repetition, the response to tone showed lessened deceleration and an insignificant increase in long‐latency acceleration. It was suggested that stimulus onset characteristics determine the short‐latency HR response and steady‐state characteristics the longer‐latency phases. The relationship to fast and slow components of startle was discussed as well as possible mechanisms that may account for the differing effects of

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb00792.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTFollowing 4 baseline nights, 7Ss were deprived of REM sleep for 3 nights and 7 were deprived of stage 4 sleep. Both groups were then deprived of total sleep for 1 night and then allowed 2 nights of uninterrupted recovery sleep. Compared to baseline nights, on the first recovery night the number of body movements was significantly reduced in all sleep stages and for total sleep. On the second recovery night, the number of movements was back to baseline level. The increased amount of slow‐wave sleep (stages 3 and 4) during recovery sleep was not the primary reason for the reduced body motilit

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb00793.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTElectrophysiological and self‐report data were obtained from 10 and 20Ss, respectively, during 15 days of baseline, 30 days of 24‐hr per day exposure to a 660 msec, 3.5K Hz tone pulse with a 22 sec interstimulus interval (10 days each at 80, 85, and 90 dB), and during a 10‐day post‐exposure period. A self‐reported increase in difficulty falling asleep was not substantiated by objective sleep latency measures. Changes in total hours of sleep, number of awakenings, and percent time for sleep stages were of small magnitude and not consistently related to stimulus intensity. All 10 monitoredSs gave clear EEG and autonomic responses to the stimulus, with no evidence of response extinction over the 30‐day exposure period. There was no change in average all‐night heart rate. Total number of body movements during the night did not change. However, the movements that did occur, tended to be triggered by the stimulus, with most movements closely following the tone pulse. The youth and good health of theSs, and the 24‐hr per day exposure, favoring rapid adaptation to the stimulus, are suggested to account for the lack of disr

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb00794.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe effects of breathing on heart rate and heart rate variability were assessed in 6‐, 8‐, and 10‐year‐old boys. Rate of breathing affected only heart rate variability, with faster breathing producing more stable heart rate. Replicating previous findings with adults, depth of breathing affectedbothheart rate and heart rate variability, with deep breathing producing the fastest, most variable heart rate. The absolute effects of the respiratory manipulations on heart rate variability were found to be greater for children than for adults, and there was also a developmental trend of both decreasing heart rate and variability. Implications of these findings for developmental studies using heart rate as a dependent measure are di

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb00795.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTSomatosensory evoked responses (SERs) of unusual amplitude were averaged from the scalp of one subject, for inspection of the time‐course of the early positive‐negative waveform (P1to NH). These early components had a peak‐to‐peak half period of 10–14 msec, for varied stimulus locations and intensities, while their amplitude and latencies varied monotonically with stimulus intensity and sensory level. The time‐course of the P1to NHcomponents conformed with that observed for the postsynaptic soma‐dendritic response to direct stimulation of sensory cortex (DCR) in other mammals. Inspection of the later waveform, up to 125 msec poststimulus‐onset (PSO), revealed no negative later than the NH, which peaked at 43–45 msec for digital stimulation. Mechanical stimulation of the digits in the absence of the usual masking noise evoked a different waveform having significant earlier and

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb00796.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe effects of shifting attention toward or away from visual or auditory stimuli of varying intensities were studied using average evoked responses (AERs) in 24 normal human volunteers.Ss were asked to attend to visual or auditory stimuli of four intensities (randomly presented) or to ignore the lights and tones and do mental arithmetic. For visual stimuli, attentional effects were largest at low intensities whereas for auditory stimuli equal effects were shown across intensities. Similar individual rates of increase of AER amplitude with increasing intensity were observed for both visual and auditory stimuli when attentional conditions were controlled.These results suggest that some general intensity processing response is reflected in the AER and that it is important to control attention in AER experiments.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb00797.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTTen psychotic and 10 normal children, paired for age and sex, were compared for respiratory sinus arrhythmia differences under conditions of spontaneous and 5, 10, and 15 sec interval breathing. Cardiac rate and respiratory changes were simultaneously recorded. Parameters of degree of change and timing for each respiratory‐cardiac cycle and its associated changes in heart rate were measured and compared statistically. Results show significant differences between psychotics and normal controls as follows:1The psychotics did not sustain the acceleratory phase of the cardiac cycle as did the controls.2The lag intervals (interval between onset of inspiration and onset of cardiac acceleration, interval between onset of expiration and onset of cardiac deceleration) were more consistent for the normal controls than for the psychotics.3At maximum respiratory depths the psychotics no longer demonstrated a direct relationship between depth of respiration and degree of cardiac rate change as did the controls.We conclude that there is a different or less well‐coordinated combination of operative forces in the sinus arrhythmia mechanism of the psychotics as compared to the contr

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb00798.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY