摘要:

ABSTRACTTwo‐second long square wave tones at frequencies of 125 and 1000 Hz and 75 db sound pressure were presented to six newborn infants. Mean heart rates were computed for the 10 sec prior to and the 10 sec following stimulus onset, i.e. the prestimulus and stimulus heart rate values respectively. LIV was shown to operate strongly only in the case of the 125 Hz stimulus. Even for this stimulus, LIV depended upon the state of the infant, showing an appropriate negative correlation between prestimulus and stimulus values in regular sleep and quiet wakefulness but a slightly positive correlation in irregular sleep. In randomly selected control periods, the first 5 sec served as prestimulus values and the second 5 sec as stimulus values. Regression coefficients for these control periods did not differ significantly from those during which the stimulus was actually present. In view of the special conditions required for its demonstration, the generality of Wilder's “law” seems to be seriously quest

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1970.tb02254.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIntraindividual differences over a four‐month period in a number of physiological variables for three subjects are examined. Autocorrelation techniques revealed the presence of systematic changes (cycles and trends). It is concluded that intraindividual differences in these variables may be nearly as large as interindividual differences and that they cannot be explained merely as errors of measurement. Possible sources of variability are discusse

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1970.tb02255.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe hypothesis suggested by Luria (1963) that infants with central nervous system damage fail to habituate to repeated stimulation was tested using an experimental group whose clinical course suggested a relatively high probability of CNS damage, a control group matched for age in weeks since conception, and a group of normal, fullterm infants. An auditory stimulus at 80 db SPL was presented for 3 sec at 20‐sec intervals. Heart rate change averaged across time on Trials 1–5 and Trials 26–30 were compared. The hypothesis was not confirmed, since significant habituation was found on Trials 26–30 for all groups. However, latency of response was significantly longer in high‐riskSs. A developmental trend toward decreased latency of response with increasing gestational age was i

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1970.tb02256.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this experiment was to evaluate two hypotheses concerning the basis of the association between performance on a simple reaction time (RT) task and the deceleration of heart rate found as theSresponds. The RT task consisted of 96 trials in which the foreperiod was randomly varied between 2, 4, 8, and 16 sec. Two groups of 31Ss each were used, with the cardiac response blocked pharmacologically in one group, in order to determine if the occurrence of the cardiac response facilitated performance through an afferent feedback mechanism. Two aspects of somatic activity, EMG bursts from chin muscles and eye movements and blinks, were also assessed in order to determine if the cardiac response and the associated behavioral facilitative effects were linked to a common mediating process involving cardiac deceleration and the inhibition of ongoing, task‐irrelevant somatic activities. The latter hypothesis was consistently supported. Blocking the cardiac response did not significantly influence performance. However, a within‐Sanalysis revealed a pronounced direct relationship between RT and the magnitude of the inhibition of somatic effects and the magnitude of the cardiac deceleration when the latter was not blocked pharmacologically. These data along with several other lines of evidence are considered to indicate that heart rate deceleration may not be significantly involved in an afferent mechanism but rather can be best understood as a peripheral manifestation of central proces

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1970.tb02257.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis study attempted to determine if two stressors applied simultaneously produce greater sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity than does one stress acting alone. A preliminary study (Experiment I) was undertaken to ensure that each stress, when compared with a nonstress condition, independently produced increased SNS activity. To this end, 24 U.S. Army enlisted men (a) solved anagrams, (b) underwent semi‐nude exposure to 50°F cold, and (c) watched a comedy movie. SNS activity during (a) and (b) was independently compared with (c). Subsequently, in Experiment II,Ss′ responses during a single stress (55°F cold exposure) were contrasted with those recorded during a dual stress condition (anagram solving during 55°F cold exposure). Each stress independently produced increased SNS activity, and the two stressors combined produced more SNS activity than did cold exposure

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1970.tb02258.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe prediction from Sokolov's (1960) theory that, following OR habituation, size of OR return is proportional to the amount of difference between the new stimulus and the habituating stimulus was tested using an auditory stimulus varying in frequency and intensity. FiveSs were allocated to each of 16 conditions, three conditions involving changes in frequency, three involving changes in intensity, nine involving changes in both frequency and intensity, with one control condition involving a repetition of the habituating stimulus. Following habituation of the GSR component of the OR to a criterion of response failure for three successive trials, magnitude of GSR under the 16 conditions was measured.Contrary to Sokolov's theory, only increase in intensity had a significantly different effect on OR return. More importantly, it was found thatSs habituating rapidly to the initial stimulus were less likely to show OR return to stimulus change. It was concluded that individual differences in habituation rate may be more important than stimulus difference effects in selective habituation.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1970.tb02259.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTReaction time, body movement, heart rate, and skin resistance of Mongoloid and “normal” control children were evaluated under baseline and distraction conditions. Relative to controls, Mongoloids demonstrated (1) slower reaction time under both conditions, (2) a reduced skin resistance response and fewer heart rate fluctuations during the baseline period, and (3) fewer skin resistance fluctuations during the distraction condition. Furthermore, skin resistance fluctuations were negatively correlated with reaction time, and heart rate fluctuations, although not significant, were in the same direction. These findings offer some support for the theoretical assertions of Lacey and Lacey (1958) that spontaneous activity is related to motor impulsivity, cortical activity, and general skeletal‐motor functions. Body movement was negatively related to these measures of spontaneous activity and thus cannot be invoked as an explanation for the fin

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1970.tb02260.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTSkin conductance (SC) and heart rate (HR) responses to rest, to a bland and to a stressor motion picture film were examined in 20 student subjects (Ss).Ss were divided equally into a high ego strength (Es) and a low Es group on the basis of their scores on the Barron scale of the MMPI. These groups were balanced for film presentation order and did not differ significantly on trait anxiety as measured by the Taylor manifest anxiety scale. The Zuckerman multiple affect adjective check list was administered before and after both the stressor and the bland film. High EsSs were more responsive in SC and HR under all three conditions and showed a greater range of SC values than did low EsSs. Subjective states paralleled physiological states. High EsSs reported significantly greater state anxiety than did low EsSs.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1970.tb02261.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTRecently, extensive use has been made of voluntary muscle relaxation as a response which presumably inhibits anxiety in “systematic desensitization” psychotherapies. This study attempted to test the hypothesis that muscle relaxation would reciprocally inhibit anxiety during a paired‐associate learning task. Subjects (Ss) were divided into high, medium, and low anxiety levels and muscle tension, muscle relaxation, and normal tension groups. Paired‐associate learning efficiency, as well as heart rate, skin conductance, integrated electromyogram, respiration rate, and finger temperature during learning were measured. Partial substantiation for the hypothesis was obtained for high anxietySs, but data for other groups was inconsistent with the hypothesis. An alternative explanation was suggested. Heart rate was the physiological variable which best discriminated the

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1970.tb02262.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTSome psychological and physiological reactions to introduction of chlordiaze‐poxide hydrochloride to an experimental situation involving a conformity trial were investigated. Groups of four subjects were selected with either considerable previous acquaintance (Friends) or little acquaintance (Strangers). In each group, two subjects were given an injection of the drug and two an injection of saline. Conformity to false group feedback was measured on a Crutchfield‐Gerard apparatus and arousal was measured in terms of the plasma free fatty acid (FFA) level. Self‐ratings of mood were obtained using the Nowlis Adjective Check List. It was found that the experimental manipulations of group composition or drug injection did not yield clear‐cut results unless the subjects were divided according to initial ratings of anxiety. Subjects initially more anxious, who were administered the drug and who were tested as Strangers, showed greater conformity to group pressure and a continuous increase in physiological arousal. These conditions were interpreted as being cumulative sources of strain, under which subjects concentrate on monitoring themselves to the exclusion of attending to surrounding

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1970.tb02263.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY