摘要:

ABSTRACTExperiments were undertaken to define the relationships between body movements and changes in oxygen consumption rate (V̇O2) and pulse rate. Methods included the use of indirect calorimetry for determination of V̇O2, a bedspring transducer and multiple electromyographic leads for movements, electrocardiograms for pulse rate, and electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings for condition of wakefulness or stage of sleep. Major and minor movements were distinguishable from each other in wakeful subjects by their effects on V̇O2and pulse rate. Both types of movements evoked shorter changes during sleep. The concurrence of muscle potential or artifact on the EEG leads and polygraphic deflection from the bedspring was found to be a reliable indicator of movements eliciting such changes. Movements in sleep which evoked measureable changes in V̇O2were noted to involve a considerable proportion of total muscle mass. V̇O2response to movements during sleep endured for 1.52 min (S.D. ± 0.60), compared to 3.34 min (S.D. ± 0.99) in wakeful subjects. Pulse rate response was 0.26 min (S.D. ± 0.13) in wakeful subjects and appeared to be far briefer durin

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1967.tb02716.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe influence of affective meaning on visual evoked responses was investigated in male college students. By utilization of conditioning procedures, previously meaningless figures (CS) acquired affective loadings, e.g., positive, negative, and neutral. The semantic differential scale and critical flicker interval (CFI) were used as indices of conditioning. Although conditioning occurred without awareness, both measures of conditioning yielded results in the same direction, and all three affective conditions differed significantly from one another. Averaged evoked responses were obtained for each affective stimulus. Amplitudes were found to differ significantly from one another in all three conditions, the unpleasant stimulus eliciting the lowest evoked response, and the neutral condition evoking the highest amplitude. Significantly shorter latencies were obtained for the unpleasant stimulus, whereas the latencies of the positive and neutral stimuli did not differ significantly from each other. The results suggest a direct influence of the emotional centers (limbic system) on the visual perception of affective stimuli. Further studies were suggested to clarify the role of awareness and the specific modalities involved in conditioning.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1967.tb02717.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe comparability of latency, duration and amplitude scores of the first derivative of the galvanic skin response (GSR) in normal and retarded young adults was studied under various conditions of stimulus intensity, duration, and repetition. Duration scores were a measure of the onset‐to‐peak time of the primary wave and were found to be most sensitive to changes in stimulus conditions, least subject to measurement errors, and least cumbersome to handle statistically. Latency scores were found to be least sensitive, with amplitude scores occupying an intermediate position. The correlations between the three types of responses were low and showed no substantial or meaningful differences between stimulus conditions and subject groups. The authors concluded that for some types of GSR measurement, duration scores can replace the more commonly used amplitude sco

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1967.tb02718.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe major purpose of this study was to test 10 hypotheses dealing with orienting responses and defensive responses that were derived from Sokolov's theory. Four presentations of a 0.5‐sec tone were occasionally interpolated among a series of 40 presentations of a 0.5‐sec electric shock administered to one group of 14 human subjects and among 40 presentations of simultaneous 0.5‐sec shock and 0.5‐sec tone administered to another group of 14 subjects. Skin resistance was recorded and analyses were carried out on amplitude and base level. With amplitude, seven hypotheses were completely and two were partially confirmed, thereby providing strong support for Sokolov's theory. The findings were discussed in relation to various problems involved in the classical conditioning of physiological pr

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1967.tb02719.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTAutonomic functions (blood pressure, heart rate, breathing rate, skin conductance, finger temperature, and face temperature) were studied in a set of identical schizophrenic twins who showed marked behavioral differences. The resting data confirmed previous reports thatSs who are more anxious and behaviorally disorganized have greater sympathetic activity. Stimulation data showed subject‐specific response patterns (i.e., individual response specificity). Inasmuch as there is evidence that autonomic functioning in identical twins is quite similar, i.e., genetically controlled, it would appear that these pattern differences are related to behavioral difference

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1967.tb02720.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTA series of experiments was conducted to determine whether any physiological changes accompany the previously observed drop in impedance of the electrodeskin circuit during the administration of electric shock. Two concentric shock electrodes were modified by the addition of devices to measure the local temperature, blood volume, and blood pulse volume changes occurring directly under the electrode. Subjects were given a series of shocks through one of these electrodes, but not the other, while the physiological measures were recorded at both sites.No significant differences in temperature and blood volume measures occurred between shocked and unshocked electrodes. However, directly correlated with the drastic drop in impedance of the shocked circuit was a marked increase in blood pulse volume, inferred to be a manifestation of the axon reflex. The two related effects were shown to be highly localized at or near the shocked electrode, and also to be characteristic only of the passage of current through electrode‐skin junction

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1967.tb02721.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTAttention to a stimulus appears to be associated with amplitude fluctuations in 100‐msec or later components of the cortical compound evoked potential (CEP). In this study, changes in amplitude and latency of the CEP to the same tactile stimulus were investigated under three conditions: attention, free associations, and mental arithmetic. In the attention conditionSs were asked to estimate varying time intervals between stimuli on a 2‐ to 6‐sec scale.Ss were 12 pairs of twins. It was found that the amplitudes of two negative electrocortical potentials were greater whenSs were estimating lengths of time intervals between stimuli than during free association or mental arithmetic. Peak latency of the second negative potential was greater in attention than in the other two conditions. Free association CEPs were distinguished by the incidence of a bursts. The results support the hypothesis that attention is associated with certain parameters of the electrocortical response and suggest which aspects of the electrocortical response are most likely to be related to atte

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1967.tb02722.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTWhen does the GSR indicate cortical, subcortical, spinal, sympathetic, or purely peripheral function? The neural activity initiating the response necessarily precedes it during the latent period. Since the time required for nerve conduction is shown to occupy only a portion of the period from stimulus to detectable response, there is abundant opportunity for central participation. Cortical activity, as shown by familiar EEG a‐blocking, follows almost any attention‐getting or semantic stimulus and typically occurs during the latent period before the appearance of an observable GSR. Rapid diphasic reversal of EEG phase relations suggestive of “intersociative” interplay between cortical areas occurs during the GSR latent period and even precedes blocking, providing further indication of cortical contribution to GSRs resulting from high level associative a

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1967.tb02723.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTExperiment I tested whether an alerting signal would increase the span of visual attention. FemaleSs (16) were presented an array of letters exposed for 2 sec by a tachistoscope. Half of theSs had a series of trials with a loud tone contiguous with the tachistoscope, followed by a series of trials with tachistoscope only. The remainingSs received a reverse procedure—half the trials with no tone initially, followed by tone. The group receiving only tachistoscope followed by a series of tachistoscope plus tone trials showed a significant improvement in the number of letters correctly reported. Experiment II repeated the above with skin potential (SP) recording throughout the session to test that the tone would generate a momentary state of arousal (an orienting response) and an increase in the span of attention. Tone significantly produced larger positive SP amplitudes and more diphasic SP responses, and increased the number of letters correctly reported. All differences disappeared during the second trial serie

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1967.tb02724.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe skeletal muscle activity and digital volume pulse of anxious psychiatric patients and normal controls were used as measures to confirm the hypothesis that meprobamate would reduce the level of muscle activity and autonomic responsivity of the patients to that of the controls when both groups experienced a mild “stress”—delayed auditory feedback

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1967.tb02725.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY