摘要:

ABSTRACTPsychophysiology is just as closely related to internal medicine as it is to psychiatry. “Psychological variable” has two distinct meanings: a) an external sensory stimulus, or b) an organismic state described in psychological language. “Psychological” and “Physical” are names of two different languages. There is no such thing as a non‐physical illness. Asking whether emotions cause diseases, or diseases cause emotions, leads to many difficulties and is unprofitable. It is far more useful to ask about stimulus‐response relationships. There are more kinds of specificity relations in psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine than are usually recognized, and the usual specificity statements in psychosomatic medicine are not concerned with I‐R or S‐R specificity. There are many problems in medicine which psychophysiology

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00444.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIn the first of two studies, subjects (Ss) were required to either raise or lower heart rate (HR) relative to pre‐trial baseline by altering a tone which changed frequency with HR. Reliable increases but no decreases in HR were found. In a second study extended training of a singleSwith visual feedback resulted in consistent sustained HR increases of 15 to 35 beats per minute (bpm), but only slight decreases. Sustained elevated rate was accompanied by anxiety. No reliable changes in breathing occurred in either stud

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00445.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTMost attempts to classically condition the electrodermal response (GSR) have used aversive stimuli. A series of 20 novel slides were used as unconditional stimuli in a delayed differential conditioning paradigm involving reinforced and unreinforced conditional stimuli. Thirty femaleSs were given 10 habituation trials, 40 conditioning trials of which half were reinforced, and 10 extinction trials. Orienting response, anticipatory response, and post‐conditional stimulus response components were analyzed separately for the different series. Differential conditioning was obtained for two of the responses during the conditioning and extinction series. The results indicate that a relatively mild novel stimulus can also effectively condition the GS

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00446.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTTwo methods for identifying visual average evoked response components—one based on sequence, the other on peak amplitude—resulted in significant discriminations between subliminal visual stimuli, thus supporting and extending previous findings dealing with the investigation of unconscious mental processes. In addition, verbal effects of a subliminal stimulus, detected by a free association procedure, were found, which correlated with different AER characteristics. Verbal effects which were conceptually and veridically related to the stimulus correlated with an AER amplitude component (90–260 msec post‐stimulus), while homophonic, unveridical verbal effects were related to the incidence of alpha bursts approximately 1 1/2 sec post‐stimulus.Ss were 12 pairs of twins, ranging in age from 13–22. For olderSs (17–20) the sequence and peak amplitude components coincided; for youngerSs (12–16), they were different. YoungerSs also had significantly larger amplitudes than olderSs for both subliminal and supraliminal conditions (peak amplitude method) and for the supraliminal condition (s

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00447.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe neonatal heart rate (HR) response to brief stimuli has generally been reported to be a monophasic acceleration. In this study brief auditory clicks to 6 neonates elicited, to a significantly greater degree than in non‐stimulus conditions: 1) deceleration alone, 2) acceleration alone, and 3) a biphasic response consisting of an initial deceleration and a subsequent acceleration.The data are not yet available which would permit selection among the orienting reflex (OR), defense reflex, startle reflex, and Moro reflex models of these HR responses. With regard to peripheral mechanism, the early decelerative response was probably mediated by increased vagal inhibitory tone. The later accelerative response may have been mediated by one or more of the following mechanisms: decreased vagal inhibitory tone, activation of vagal accelerator fibers, and/or activation of sympathetic accelerator fiber

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00448.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTFifty‐fourSs were divided into three instructional groups. One group was instructed to increase their heart rate (HR) every time a signal was presented; a second group was told to decrease their HR; and a control group was not instructed to change their HR in any direction. Results indicate thatSs can increase or decrease their HR in the absence of externalized feedback. These HR changes do not appear to be mediated by respiration or skin resistance variations. In addition,Ss were divided into groups on the basis of their APQ scores. The group with middle APQ scores displayed more HR control in both directions thanSs with high or low APQ scores. The study was replicated with 42Ss and results support the HR increase but not the HR decrease finding

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00449.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTBasal skin conductance, non‐specific GSRs, and specific GSRs were studied during 2 experimental sessions with two groups of 12 hyperkinetic children each and a group of 12 matched normal controls. Hyperkinetic children were found to have lower basal skin conductance, fewer and smaller non‐specific GSRs, and smaller specific GSRs than those of normal children. Stimulant drugs, which were administered to one group of hyperkinetic children, tended to raise basal level conductance and non‐specific GSR activity toward the levels of normal children. A tentative neurophysiological hypothesis is offered to account for these data as well as the clinical observations that stimulant drugs are effective in the treatment of hyperkinetic chi

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00450.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe response hierarchy of EEG and autonomic variables to tones of increasing intensity was studied during waking and sleep stages 2, REM, and SW (3&4 combined). Tones of 1000 Hz (5 sec duration, 55 sec ISI) were presented to 35 young adult male subjects. During waking, the tones began below awake auditory threshold and increased by 5 db until a motor response (button press) was made. During sleep, tones began at awake threshold and went to arousal threshold, i.e., motor response and/or an EEG change indicative of arousal. Changes in EEG, finger pulse amplitude, heart rate, skin potential, skin resistance, and respiration period were measured for each stimulus and were compared to a pseudostimulus response scored 25 sec prior to the actual stimulus.In the awake state, statistically significant responses (p<.05) were found for EEG, finger pulse, heart rate early deceleration, skin potential, and skin resistance to the tone at awake threshold, but not to tones at lesser db levels. During sleep, significant EEG responses were present to tones 30–25 db below arousal threshold, finger pulse 20–15 db below, and heart rate acceleration 20–5 db below. Significant skin potential, skin resistance, and motor responses were seen only at arousal threshold. Thus, in sleep, in contrast to waking, there were clear responses to stimuli below the arousal threshold, and there was definite ordering of the appearance of the various responses: EEG preceded the cardiovascular, with electrodermal and motor occurring only at arousal. This order was constant over sleep stages.Arousal thresholds were very similar across sleep stages in day sleepers (approximately 35 db above awake threshold). The threshold during stage 2 for night sleepers was about 15 db lower than that for day sle

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00451.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis study tested twelve hypotheses derived from psychophysiological theory underlying the systematic desensitization method of reducing phobic anxiety. Subjects with phobias imagined threatening scenes and neutral scenes under relaxed or non‐relaxed conditions while cardiac, respiratory, digital vasomotor, and skin conductance activity was recorded. Seven hypotheses were confirmed for one or more response measures. The results indicated that (a) imagining threatening scenes produces autonomic arousal in direct proportion to degree of subjective threat associated with the scenes, (b) autonomic reactions do not extinguish and countercondition faster to weak stimuli than to strong stimuli, and (c) muscle relaxation has a demonstrable but limited effect on counteracting autonomic fear reactions. Desensitization theory was partially supporte

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00452.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe various methods that have been used in recording of the Contingent Negative Variation (CNV) were examined with reference to developing selection criteria. Findings revealed that chopper amplifiers with condenser‐coupled input circuits and DC amplifiers with zero‐suppression circuits between stages showed shifts in output level which were the result of changes in resistance of the input circuit. As these artifacts were not negligible with reference to commonly‐reported CNV amplitudes, it was concluded that the two methods should be avoided in recording of low‐level shifts in steady potentials like

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00453.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY