摘要:

ABSTRACTIn healthy man, the effects of stimulus intensity and a preceding optic signal with different meaning upon: the latencies and amplitudes of the startle blink reflex; the peaks P1, N1and P2of the auditory cortical evoked response (ACER); and on the strength of the subjective startle response were investigated.1A pistol‐shot elicited a startle blink of shorter latency and larger amplitude, and an ACER with shorter latency of peak N1and larger amplitude of P1– N1than a click, which was produced by a condenser discharge into a loudspeaker.2If an optic stimulus preceded the acoustic stimuli, the amplitudes of the ACER peaks and the latency of peak N1decreased. The startle blink, however, displayed only a latency shortening. The subjective startle response was weaker.3If the preceding optic signal had an undifferentiated meaning, the amplitudes of the startle blink and the ACER peaks were larger than if an optic signal with differentiated meaning preceded the acoustic stimulus. In the first case, the latency of the startle blink was shorter, but that of the peak N1longer; the subjective startle response was stronger.4It was shown that only the amplitude of the peak P1– N1of the ACER is directly correlated with the strength of the subjective startle response.5The underlying neurophysiological mechanisms were disc

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1968.tb02795.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis study assessed the effect of enabling a subject to hear himself salivate while trying to increase or decrease his salivary rate. Two groups of ten subjects were instructed to try to increase their salivary rate when a light to the left was lighted and decrease when a light to the right was lighted. Acetic acid was administered periodically to the right lateral margin of the tongue, and saliva was collected by a parotid capsule and measured by a liquid displacement sialometer. Ten subjects in the feedback group (F) received a 0.2 sec, 1000‐cps tone for each drop collected during a trial. Subjects in the no feedback group (NF) received no indication of their salivary rate. Three out of 10 F subjects were able to produce a significantly different (p<. 05) number of drops between increase and decrease periods, and the group as a whole achieved a significant difference between increase and decrease periods. No NF subject, nor the NF group as a whole produced a significant differenc

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1968.tb02796.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe relationship between conditioning, generalization, and extinction of digital vasoconstriction, and subject awareness of CS‐US sequence was investigated. Subjects were randomly assigned to four groups and within‐group awareness was controlled through the manipulation of instructional parameters. Results indicated that vasomotor conditioning occurred only in those subjects that were judged to be aware of relevant conditioning stimulus relationships. Conditioned responses were found to extinguish almost immediately when subjects were informed of shock cessation. These findings were interpreted as being consistent with an approach which distinguishes between conditioning and relational learn

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1968.tb02797.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe galvanic skin response (GSR) data of two experiments were analyzed in an attempt to determine the effects of tonic shifts in baseline conductance on apparent rate of habituation. The results of the first experiment indicated that rate of habituation is exaggerated when response measures which are not base‐independent are employed. The positive correlation found between habituation slope and an index of base‐level change in conductance was significantly reduced when autonomic lability scores (ALSs) were used. Thus, base‐corrected responses produced less steep habituation functions. The second experiment demonstrated that a tonic increase in conductance occurs to an intense auditory stimulus and that rate of habituation is consequently over‐estimated in comparison to that associated with repeated presentation of a mild s

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1968.tb02798.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTReliability of 14 measures of newborn heart rate activity was estimated by intercorrelations among repeated daily testings and by the coefficient of concordance. Subjects were 16 newborns tested for three days and a subsample of 10 newborns tested for five days. Thirteen of the measures showed some significant stability although they differed in the size of correlations and in the degree of concordance. The two measures of temporal characteristics of response were among the least reliable and measures taken at the point of minimal activity were among the most reliable. The only measure for which there was no evidence of significant reliability was the within‐individual regression of poststimulus on prestimulus scores. This finding has obvious implications for the argument that individual regressions should be used instead of group regressions to adjust for prestimulus difference

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1968.tb02799.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe influence of task complexity upon the relationship between electrodermal activity and reaction time was studied. Subjects performed either a simple or complex fixed foreperiod reaction time task. Various measures of skin resistance were taken before and during performance of the task. Only on the more complex task were electrodermal measures related to reaction time. However, the sign of the relationship was opposite to that found in other investigations; subjects with many spontaneous fluctuations and orienting responses reacted slowly. The results were interpreted in terms of the influence of both task complexity and foreperiod characteristics.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1968.tb02800.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe sweat gland‐epidermis basis of the skin conductance response (SCR) was investigated in a study in which measurements were obtained from both the palmar and dorsal surfaces of the hand during classical conditioning. In a previous study using a long CS‐UCS interval, it was found that the palmar measurements, representing mainly the sweat gland component, gave rise to larger anticipatory conditional responses. Under the conditions of the present study (CS‐UCS interval =. 5 seconds) it was predicted on the basis of an adaptation theory that the epidermal component (dorsal measurement) would predominate and be equal to or greater than that of the sweat gland (palmar measurement). This prediction was conf

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1968.tb02801.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTHuman subjects were conditioned to a tone‐shock sequence during heat or cold exposure and then given 10 trials of experimental extinction in the heat. In the heat, while exhibiting a general peripheral as well as a digital vasodilatation, vasoconstriction developed as a conditioned response; the response did not extinguish. In the cold, with general peripheral and digital vasoconstriction, vasodilatation developed as the conditioned response. Since the cold‐conditionedSs did not recover completely from their cold exposure during the following heat equilibritun period, the extinction data of this group could not be accepted. A comparison was also made of the differences in thermoregulation and in conditioned responses of preselectedSs varying in latency of cold‐induced digital vasodilatation. Although theseSs did differ in their thermophysiological reactions, they did not differ in regard to the nature of the conditioned response deve

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1968.tb02802.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTTheoretical analysis has suggested that the feedback of neuromuscular activity affects quantitative but not qualitative aspects of responses, i.e. arousal provides energy but not direction for behavior. This study was carried out to determine whether or not qualitative aspects of ideation vary with the normal diurnal fluctuations of neuromuscular activity. Word association tests revealed qualitative differences among responses before sleep, upon awakening and at noon. Some differences were related to psychological test variables of kinesthetic orientation, need for change, and anxiety; other differences were independent of psychological test scores but related to the time of the word tests and intensity of muscle action potential (EMG). Subjects with low and high scores on the psychological tests were similar in both body temperature variation and amount of time spent in different EEG sleep stages. EMG levels during sleep were highly correlated with EEG sleep stages for both groups, but low psychological test scorers exhibited more EMG activity than high scorers. Neuromuscular arousal was accompanied by qualitative changes in verbal responses that were related to psychological orientations.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1968.tb02803.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTAn electrolytic method is presented for the preparation of a disc type Ag‐AgCl electrode which has low bias potential and drift, moderate resistance and low polarization, is relatively durable, and can be easily replated if damaged or contaminated. The electrode has been used for measuring both skin potential and conductance and is compatible with a previously published device which compensates for non‐isothermal electrodes in skin potential recording. Although other applications have not been explored, the general design might be useful for the recording of other peripherally assessed bioelectric activity as well. A convenient electrode paste is described which does not dry out quickly and can be stored indefinit

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1968.tb02804.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY