摘要:

ABSTRACTThis experiment examined the effects on pupil size of the relevance of an overt response to a cognitive task. SixteenSs were assigned to two experimental groups. In one groupSs were required to judge the pitch equality of tones and, subsequently, indicate their decision by pressing or not pressing a telegraph key. In the other groupSs were required to make the pitch‐discriminations, but the key press response was unrelated to the preceding cognitive task. Continuous photographs of eachS's pupil were taken during the experiment. Results showed that a small amount of pupillary dilation occurred during the discrimination task in the group where the key press was irrelevant to the pitch‐discrimination. In the group whereS's behavior indicated task fulfillment, however, a significantly greater increase in pupil size occurred, the amount of dilation being larger when task completion was indicated by the key press response than when fulfillment was indicated by no key press. The findings were discussed in terms of arousal associated with apprehension about evaluation, and muscle tension from anticipation of making the overt respo

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1969.tb02890.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTEEG recordings were made during waking (W) and the five sleep stages (REM, 1, 2, 3, and 4) on thirteen young adult males. For each stage, one‐minute sections of the pa ietal EEG trace were digitized and subjected to Fourier analysis. The resulting spectral intensities were divided into five frequency bands; delta, theta, alpha, sigma, and beta.Linear discriminators for all six stages were calculated using stepwise multiple regression. The overall percent agreement with visual scoring was very poor, ranging from zero for stage 3 to 91% for stage 4. Linear discrimination between pairs of stages yielded slightly better results, but stages 1 and REM were indistinguishable.Delta is the best overall discriminator, increasing significantly through stages W, 1, 2, 3, and 4. Sigma is unique to sleep and is highest for stage 2. Theta is unimportant and beta plays no role at all.Spectral analysis of the parietal EEG lead is not sufficient to differentiate among the six states of consciousness studied here. The use of detectors for such phasic events as eye movement and K‐complexes might aid sleep stage discrimination considera

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1969.tb02891.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTFrom twelve left‐handed and twelve right‐handed males, skin potential levels were recorded simultaneously from both sides of the body. In both groups significantly higher skin potential levels were found on the right side. Unilateral stimuli and handedness did not unilaterally affect maximum response le

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1969.tb02892.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTLeft and right, palmar and dorsal skin conductance levels (SCLs) were obtained from hospital controls, left hemisphere lesionSs, right hemisphere lesionSs, and diffuse or bilateral lesionSs during several experimental conditions involving rest, passive auditory stimulation, motor reactions, and simple “perception”. The unilateral lesion groups generally displayed significantly higher palmar SCLs on the side contralateral to their lesion. Such “laterality” was not demonstrated in dorsal recordings or in the hospital controls or diffuse lesion group. These unilateral lesion groups had higher palmar SCLs during passive stimulation than during rest, motor, or perception phases. Results were discussed in terms of possible neural mechanisms underlying the ph

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1969.tb02893.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe problem of differentiating orienting (OR) and defensive reflexes (DR) was investigated by measurements of forehead‐skin pulse amplitude (PA), forehead‐skin blood content (BC), and heart rate (HR). Thirty male college students received 30 stimulations of .5 sec white noise at either 80 db or 120 db. Beat‐by‐beat analyses of the physiological measures indicated that both intensities of stimulation produced decreases in PA. Forehead BC showed larger increases to 120 db than to 80 db, and successive stimulations produced a change to overall decreases in BC at both intensities. HR acceleration occurred to both stimuli, and a short‐latency deceleration occurred to 80 db. The results were interpreted as showing that cephalic vasoconstriction is the dominant response to auditory stimulation, and cephalic vasomotor responses do not differentiate between ORs and DRs. The short‐latency HR deceleration and smaller HR acceleration differentiated the OR

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1969.tb02894.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTBaseline diastolic blood pressure measurements made on a single subject for 120 consecutive days were utilized to demonstrate the use of autocorrelation techniques for the identification of cycles of one or more periods present in the data. Provided only a single period is present, averaging techniques using this period as the base may be used to smooth the data. However, few physiological variables cycle so simply. Smoothing not only may introduce spurious cycles, but it also eliminates much non‐random (and, therefore, meaningful) varianc

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1969.tb02895.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe effects of stimulus order and novelty upon habituation and dishabituation of the GSR component of the OR were investigated. The numbers 21 to 60 were presented in serial order (Ordered‐Novel group), and in random order (Random‐Novel group), and the number 21 was repeated 40 times (Similar group). The number 600 was occasionally interpolated among each series. No group differences in magnitude of OR to the first stimulus or in habituation of the OR during the series of numbers were found. Dishabituation due to the interpolated stimulus was found primarily in the Similar group. The results were related to Sokolov's concept of neuronal models used in his theory of habituat

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1969.tb02896.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTFour studies of the simple reaction time (RT) of single motor units (MU) are reported. In each studySwas first trained to control the firing of a MU by observing visual and auditory feedback of MU action potentials detected by an implanted electrode. Training was followed by one or more RT testing sessions. Experiment I demonstrated that MU RT was about equal to that of a comparable Overt RT, and suggested that the distribution of MU RTs was bimodal. Experiments II and III confirmed that the distribution was bimodal and eliminated the hypotheses that the bimodality was due to equipment artifacts or toS's switching between the defined visual and potentially confounding auditory reaction cues. Experiment IV tested, and rejected, the hypothesis that the bimodality was due toS's alternating between brightness and pattern information processing on RT trials.In all 4 experiments the bimodality was defined by a paucity of responses in the 175–199 msec interval. This fact was related to the findings that delayed auditory feedback has its maximal disruptive effect at 180 msec, and that the limit of the psychological refractory period seems to be between 175 and 200 msec. Further experiments relating these findings were suggeste

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1969.tb02897.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe interaction of three pairs of heteromodal sensory stimuli—reading vs. continuous banging noise, continuous flashing light vs. banging noise, single flash vs. bang—were evaluated. Order of presentation was confounded both within (with multiple trials) and between subjects. Interstimulus time periods were 15 sec with the first two stimulus pairs, and varied from 15 to 0 sec with the last. Although most variables had large mean differences in the expected direction, the largest and most often significant effects were with GSR. In all cases, the responses were less with a stimulus imposed either simultaneously or within a short period (up to 15 sec at least) after another, than they were to the stimulus imposed alone. Habituation effects were mar

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1969.tb02898.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe effects of presenting different numbers of standard stimuli (SS) upon the orienting responses (ORs) to test stimuli (TS) that vary in SS‐TS similarity were examined. Sokolov's theory of the OR was interpreted as predicting an interaction between the number of SS presentations and SS‐TS differences. The prediction was not supported. The data did indicate that (1) prior presentation of SS reduced the ORs to subsequently presented TS and (2) within sequences of SS and TS, OR habituation occurred. SS–TS differences were not significant. The results suggested that theories that assume precise generalization of habituation reconsider that assum

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1969.tb02899.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY