摘要:

AbstractMale and female subjects were compared on heartbeat, respiratory resistance, and light‐tone signal‐detection tasks. Subjects judged whether a series of 10 tones was coincident with their heartbeats; whether an external load added to the airway was either present or absent during targeted inspiratory cycles; and whether a series of 10 light flashes was matched with auditory tones presented following a fixed delay of either 50 or 100 ms. Nonparametric indices of perceptual sensitivity and response bias indicated that men were more sensitive than women on the resistive load task (p<.05) and on the heartbeat task (p= .07). Performance on the light‐tone task was virtually identical. All subjects used a stricter criterion on the respiratory resistance task than on either the heartbeat or the light‐tone task; women employed a stricter criterion than men on the heartbeat task. The gender differences may be understood in terms of lateralization of central processing of somesthetic sensory info

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb03347.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSkin conductance responses (SCRs) evoked by novel, signal, and frequent tone stimuli were measured in 20 male heavy smokers and 10 male nonsmokers over two sessions. All smokers abstained from smoking for 12 hr prior to each session. Half of the smokers smoked a cigarette of their preferred brand prior to SCR measurement in the first session, whereas the remaining smokers smoked in the second session. Nonsmokers did not smoke. Results combined across the two sessions indicated that abstinence was associated with selective depression of SCRs to the novel tone. Separate analyses of results from each session revealed that, in the second session, SCRs to both novel and signal tones were depressed in abstinent smokers, partially replicating previous findings. By contrast, first session results showed no significant effects of smoking or abstinence. Results were interpreted in terms of nicotine's effects on nonspecific arousal, with some reservations.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb03348.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractLaboratory stress testing is typically conducted while subjects are seated, whereas real‐life stressors may often be encountered while standing. The present study of 20 healthy young men evaluated blood pressure and underlying hemodynamic adjustments to a standardized mental arithmetic task performed twice while seated and twice while standing. Blood pressure increased during mental arithmetic in both postures, but the underlying hemodynamic determinants of the pressor responses were different for the two postures. Augmented cardiac output was responsible for increasing blood pressure during seated task performance, whereas increased vascular resistance was the mechanism for the pressor response to the task performed while standing. Blood pressure and hemodynamic responses were reproducible subject characteristics for a given posture; test‐retest correlations were significant for all cardiovascular measures. However, seated blood pressure responses were not significantly correlated with standing blood pressure responses. In contrast, significant between‐posture correlations were found for cardiac output and vascular resistance responses. This preliminary evidence of postural stability of the hemodynamic determinants of blood pressure responses during stress is consistent with growing evidence that hemodynamic response tendencies are robust characteristics of reactivity. Ambulatory monitoring of hemodynamic response patterns during real‐life stress may reveal more idiosyncratic profiles of stress reactivity than are displayed by blood pressure response

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb03349.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThirty‐six competitive sportsmen and 36 inactive men participated in a two‐session experiment. Session 1 involved exercise to exhaustion so as to assess maximal oxygen consumption (V̇o2 max. In Session 2, both groups were randomized into three experimental conditions: 20 min of exercise at high intensity (70%V̇o2 max) or moderate intensity (50% V˙o2 max) or a light exercise control. Following 30 min of recovery, all subjects performed mental arithmetic and public speech tasks in a counterbalanced order. Cardiovascular, electrodermal, respiratory, and subjective variables were recorded. Sportsmen had higher V˙o2 max, lower body fat, and lower resting heart rate (HR) than inactive men. A postexercise hypotensive response was observed among subjects in the 70% and 50% V˙o2 maxconditions, accompanied by baroreceptor reflex inhibition in the 70% condition. Systolic pressure was lower during mental arithmetic and during recovery from the speech task in the high‐intensity than in the control group. Diastolic pressure was lower following mental arithmetic in the high‐intensity group. No differences in HR reactivity, electrodermal, or respiratory parameters were observed, but baroreceptor reflex sensitivity was inhibited during mental arithmetic. The results are discussed in relation to previous reports of suppressed cardiovascular reactivity to mental stress tests following vigorous exercise and the role of stress‐related processes in the antihypertensive response to phy

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb03350.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe tested four independent groups: real pain, real pain/tracking, feigned pain, and feigned pain/tracking. After baseline (auditory oddball task only, .8/.2), the real pain groups had an ischemia cuff applied, which generated intense pain after 14 min. The pain feigners were instructed to simulate pain. The oddball task was repeated during low pain (6 min following cuff application) and during high pain (7‐15 min following application). Real pain ratings were affected by low versus high pain and by tracking (reporting pain regularly), which elevated ratings. Nontracking feigned‐ and real‐pain subjects differed in oddball‐evoked P3 amplitude and latency during high pain. Oddball P3 amplitude decreased and latency increased from real low pain to high pain. Tracked but not untracked real low pain affected oddball P3 amplitude. Real and feigned pain‐tracking subjects did not differ in P3 amplitude. P3 latency differed between real‐pain and feigning subjects during low‐pain tracking. A 91 % individual hit rate (real vs. fe

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb03351.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractColored photographic pictures that varied widely across the affective dimensions of valence (pleasant‐unpleasant) and arousal (excited‐calm) were each viewed for a 6‐s period while facial electromyographic (zygomatic and corrugator muscle activity) and visceral (heart rate and skin conductance) reactions were measured. Judgments relating to pleasure, arousal, interest, and emotional state were measured, as was choice viewing time. Significant covariation was obtained between (a) facial expression and affective valence judgments and (b) skin conductance magnitude and arousal ratings. Interest ratings and viewing time were also associated with arousal. Although differences due to the subject's gender and cognitive style were obtained, affective responses were largely independent of the personality factors investigated. Response specificity, particularly facial expressiveness, supported the view that specific affects have unique patterns of reactivity. The consistency of the dimensional relationships between evaluative judgments (i.e., pleasure and arousal) and physiological response, however, emphasizes that emotion is fundamentally organized by these motivational param

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb03352.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn this experiment, a lateralized right hemisphere effect was found for electrodermal associative learning to facial emotional expressions. Sixty‐two subjects were presented simultaneously with a slide of a happy face in the right or left visual half field (VHF) and a slide of an angry face in the opposite VHF. Four groups were formed by the combination of the two VHF positions of angry/happy faces and the administration/omission of shock unconditioned stimuli. The results showed that simultaneous presentation of the angry face to the right hemisphere and the happy face to the left hemisphere, together with shock, resulted in a strong conditioned association with the angry face and a relatively weak association with the happy face. Furthermore, simultaneous presentation of the angry face to the left hemisphere and the happy face to the right hemisphere, together with shock, resulted in a relatively weak association with both stimuli. No significant differences were found for the no‐shock control groups. The present results confirm previous findings of a right hemisphere advantage for representation of associative learn

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb03353.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe goals of this study were (a) to examine differing views on the relationship between self‐report of emotion and physiological expression of emotion, (b) to differentiate between negative emotional contexts during imagery using facial electromyogram (EMG), and (c) to describe the facial muscle patterning and autonomic physiology of situations that involve expelling or avoiding disgusting sensory stimulation. Fifty subjects imagined situations eliciting disgust, anger, pleasure, and joy in 8‐s trials using a tone‐cued imagery procedure. Heart rate, skin conductance level, and facial EMG at the corrugator, zygomatic, and levator labii superioris/alesque muscle regions were recorded during imagery, and self‐reports of emotion were collected after imagery trials. Self‐reports of emotion produced results consistent with the affective categorization of the images. Activity at the levator labii region was higher during disgust than during anger imagery. Corrugator region increase characterized the negative as compared with the positive emotional contents, and activity at the zygomatic region was higher during joy imagery than during the other three emotions. Heart rate acceleration was greater during disgust, anger, and joy imagery than during pleasant imagery. Disgust imagery could be discriminated from anger imagery using facial EMG, and the expressive physiology of disgust was occasioned by the action set of active avoidance or rejection of sensory st

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb03354.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAuditory event‐related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded for 250‐ and 4,000‐Hz tone bursts in an intermodal selective attention task. Tonotopic changes were evident in the scalp distribution of the rising phase of the auditory N1 (mean peak latency 116 ms); the N1 was more frontally distributed following the 4,000‐Hz than following the 250‐Hz tone bursts, and it included a contralateral P90 component that was absent following 250‐Hz tones. ERPs related to intermodal selective attention were isolated as negative and positive auditory difference waves (Ndaand Pdas). Neither the Ndanor the Pdashowed changes in distribution with tone frequency, but both showed Ear × Frequency changes in distribution. ERPs for deviant tones included mismatch negativities (MMNs) and, in attend auditory conditions, N2b and P3 components. These components did not change in scalp distribution with tone frequency. One possible explanation is that tonotopic displacements of ERP distributions on the scalp surface depend on angular displacements in generator fields on gyral convexities. The results are consistent with the possibility that auditory processing radiates outward with increasing latency from tonotopic fields on Heschl's gyri to more gyrus‐free regions of the planun temporale and anterior superior

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb03355.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPhysical activity can be assessed via self‐report, via physiological measures such as heart rate and oxygen uptake, or via automated monitor. An electronic accelerometer‐based physical activity device (Actigraph) has been reported as an improvement over other activity measurement techniques in terms of utility and accuracy. Four studies provide systematic validation and reliability testing for this device and comparisons with other techniques for assessing daily activities. In the first study, the sensitivity of the Actigraph was determined for differentiating physical activities (walking, running, stair climbing, knee bends) versus sedentary activities (reading, typing, playing video games, and performing a mental arithmetic task). Fifteen healthy adults wore the Actigraph on their wrist during activities; oxygen uptake and heart rate were simultaneously recorded. Results revealed that the Actigraph significantly differentiated between the physical activities (p<.0001) and the sedentary activities (p<.0001). Actigraph counts also correlated significantly with oxygen uptake (r= .73) and heart rate (r= .71) during physical activities (r= .46) and sedentary activities (r= .35), respectively. Test‐retest reliability was very high for 12 activities (r= .98). The high level of activity differentiation and strong relationship to oxygen uptake and heart rate suggest the usefulness of this device for behavioral and biomedical studies. However, these studies also indicate that the wrist may not always be the most adequate placement for indexing rate and intensity of daily activities and that further studies are needed to determine the optimal site of monitor attachment. Advantages and disadvantages of self‐report, physiological, and automated measures of activity are di

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb03356.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY