摘要:

ABSTRACTA theory of emotional imagery is described which conceives the image in the brain to be a conceptual network, controlling specific somatovisceral patterns, and constituting a prototype for overt behavioral expression. Evidence for the hypothesis that differentiated efferent activity is associated with type and content of imaginal activity is considered. Recent work in cognitive psychology is described, which treats both the generation of sensory imagery and text comprehension and storage as examples of the processing of propositional information. A similar propositional analysis is applied to emotional imagery as it is employed in the therapeutic context. Experiments prompted by this view show that the conceptual structure of the image and its associated efferent outflow can be modified directly through instructions and through shaping of reports of image experience. The implications of the theory for psychopathology are considered, as well as its relevance to therapeutic behavior change.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01511.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01512.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIn EMG biofeedback it has been suggested that covariation in tension levels between a trained and untrained muscle increases with continued training of the target muscle. Predictions of this sort are in contrast to the notion of response generalization which would predict decreased covariation between trained and untrained muscles with continued training. This study examined covariation between facial and forearm EMG levels during facial EMG biofeedback, and evaluated changes in such covariation which occurred with continued facial EMG training. Two groups of individuals were trained either to increase or to decrease facial muscle tension in 3 laboratory sessions during which simultaneous measures of facial and forearm EMG were obtained at 1‐min intervals. Comparison of facial EMG measures for these groups with those for a third, noncontingent control group revealed bidirectional conditioned effects for each training session. Some covariation between forearm and facial EMG was apparent for all groups. However, examination of change in covariation across sessions revealed that covariation decreased for groups receiving facial muscle training, whereas covariation levels exhibited by the noncontingent feedback group remained stable. This finding was consistent with the concept of response generalization but not with the notion of muscle tension generalization as employed in EMG biofeedbac

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01513.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe effects of electrodermal lability and stimulus significance on the amplitude of the skin conductance response (SCR) component of the orienting response (OR) to stimulus change were examined. Subjects were pre‐selected in terms of the frequency of nonspecific responses (NSRs) displayed during a period of no stimulation. In Experiment 1 (N = 56), high and low NSR male subjects received 12 presentations of a 5‐sec, 1000 Hz tone followed by a test trial on which tone frequency was 500 Hz. Half of the subjects in each NSR group were required to perform a reaction time (RT) response to stimulus offset. Although high NSR groups and RT groups displayed larger test‐trial responses than low NSR and no‐RT groups respectively, stimulus change alone was sufficient to produce an increase in SCR amplitude. In Experiment 2 (N = 40), high and low NSR male subjects received 12 visually‐presented female names, and on trial 13, half the subjects in each NSR group received their own name, while the other half received a neutral male name. High NSR groups and own‐name groups displayed larger test‐trial responses than low NSR groups and neutral‐name groups respectively. However, stimulus change alone was sufficient to produce an increase in SCR amplitude in the high NSR group. The results are interpreted as indicating that stimulus change alone is sufficient to produce an increase in OR amplitude, and that the relationship between stimulus change and stimulus significance is additive rather than

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01514.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01515.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTEach of 5 monkeys (Macaca mulatta) was operantly conditioned to raise and to lower heart rate consistently and reliably. Following such training the animals were tested using autonomic blocking agents (methyl‐atropine bromide and 1‐propranolol) to characterize the autonomic mechanisms mediating such control. The results were: 1) In the undrugged animal the extent to which it decreases its heart rate over a 2048‐sec period is a linear function of the baseline heart rate; 2) A linear relationship between baseline heart rate and heart rate decrease also is present within the first 128 sec; 3) There is a less consistent relationship between baseline heart rate and change in heart rate when animals must increase heart rate; 4) Vagal blockade significantly attenuates the ability of most animals to increase heart rate, primarily by reducing their ability to produce large, relatively rapid increases; 5) Sympathetic blockade significantly attenuates the ability of most animals to increase heart rate both in terms of overall changes and in terms of large, relatively rapid responses; 6) Vagal blockade very significantly attenuates the ability of all animals to slow heart rate; 7) Sympathetic blockade facilitates the ability of most animals to slow heart rate. These findings show that both branches of the autonomic nervous system participate in the operant control of heart rate. The relative role of one branch or the other in a given experiment will depend upon the baseline conditions at the time of testing, and upon the requirements—i.e., raising or lowering of hea

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01516.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe classically conditioned cardiac response to electric shock was examined in five groups of 10 rats each. Twenty trials were presented each day for 10 days with either a 1 mA, 2 mA, 3 mA, 4 mA, or 5 mA subcutaneous shock as the unconditioned stimulus (US). Data were evaluated with reference to a general theory of autonomic activity termed Response Constancy theory. A mathematical derivative of the theory is a significant negative correlation between prestimulus levels and change scores, i.e. the Law of Initial Values. The theory predicts that degree of control exerted by a stimulus is reflected by the ability of the stimulus to produce a particular level of activity. Decreasing variability of conditioned heart rate was monotonically related to US intensity throughout, and negative correlations between prestimulus levels and change scores were observed in all groups. Magnitude of decelerative change was an inverted U‐shaped function of US intensity in acquisition, and a monotonic function of US intensity at asymptot

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01517.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01518.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIncreasing interest among psychophysiologists in sympathetic (beta‐adrenergic) influences upon the heart has created the need for noninvasive techniques for assessing these influences. The validity of pre‐ejection period (PEP), a systolic time interval, as a measure of beta‐adrenergic influences upon myocardial contractility is evaluated. Details of a procedure for determining PEP using a polygraph and digital computer are presented. This methodology is then applied to an experiment in which the intracardiac (PEP) and arterial subintervals of pulse transmission time (PTT) are measured during biofeedback‐assisted control of PTT in order to evaluate the relative contribution of changes in PEP to PTT

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01519.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe influence of autonomic innervation on stress‐induced cardiomyopathy and heart rate changes was analyzed by selective removal of parasympathetic and sympathetic myocardial inputs. Squirrel monkeys with bilateral cervical vagotomy or β‐adrenergic receptors blocked by propranolol were studied in shock stress and restraint situations. Because propranolol reduced stress‐induced lesions and tachycardia, enhanced sympathetic β‐receptor activity was considered responsible for these effects in intact monkeys. No role for increased parasympathetic activity in myocardial pathology was indicated. Enhanced sympathetic activity was also implicated by lesions and tachycardia of vagotomy monkeys. However, vagotomy alone induced myocardial pathology and confounded the effects of shock stress. Stress‐induced cardiac arrest in both vagotomy and propranolol monkeys was observed. An imbalance of either autonomic input was suggested to be responsible for this dysfunction. Thus, autonomic innervation was involved in stress‐induced cardiomyopathy and heart

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01520.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY