摘要:

ABSTRACTOcular activity during the REM stage of sleep was studied for the purpose of determining what effect previous sleep and waking would have on the intensity of that activity. ElevenSs slept to satiation during a 54‐hr session and then, after a day of waking, slept for another night. REM density (i.e., number of eye mvts per min of REM period) rose progressively during the first night and morning, and then remained at a high level for the remainder of the 54 hrs; the mean REM density for Night 2 and also for Night 3 was about double the REM density of Night 1. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the amount of prior sleep was positively correlated with REM density whereas the amount of waking was negatively correlated. Peak REM density occurred after a mean of 9.88 hrs of sleep. Thereafter, periods of waking alternated with periods of sleep while the REM density oscillated at its peak level. It was concluded that REM density reflects the output of a sleep‐waking negative feedback circ

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb00804.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe relative effects of extended sleep, sleep deprivation, and shifts of accustomed sleep time on subsequent performance and mood were studied. Ten regular 2400–0800 sleepers worked on E‐paced addition and vigilance tasks, and completed an adjective check list to rate their mood following 2100‐0800 extended, 2100‐0500 advanced‐shift, 2400‐0800 habitual, 0300‐0800 deprivation, and 0300‐1100 delayed‐shift conditions of sleep. Accuracy and speed of response on the vigilance task were significantly poorer, and negative affect was significantly greater after the conditions of shifted sleep and altered sleep duration than after the habitual sleep condition. Changes in the mood and performance measures were unrelated to prior sleep length or any specific alterations in the electrophysiological

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb00805.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTPrevious work has demonstrated a consistent increase in diastolic blood pressure during an interview relative to a word association test. A consideration of normal cardiovascular mechanisms suggests that such increased diastolic pressure could be associated with decreased forearm blood flow. This expectation is at variance with previous studies in which psychological stimuli have been associated only with increased forearm blood flow. Forearm blood flow and pulse rate were measured during rest periods and during a word association test and an interview in 8 normal volunteers and 8 psychiatric inpatients. Twelve of the 16Ss showed a decrease in forearm blood flow during the interview, thus confirming our expectation. That this decrease is an active response, rather than a passive fall, is suggested by the finding of increased heart rate during the interview. The cardiovascular responses of the patient group differed in some respects from those of the normal group. We hypothesize that the attentional deficit of the schizophrenics in the patient sample may have contributed to this difference.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb00806.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe present study was designed to ascertain whether racial differences exist in the several components of the skin resistance response and to assess the importance of the role of the experimenter's race in determining the subject's responsiveness. Basal measures, GSR magnitude, and spontaneous GSR activity of 12 Negro and 12 CaucasianSs were recorded by 2 Negro and 2 Caucasian experimental assistants matched for age, physical stature, and dress. Following a 15 min resting phase, allSs received 14 1‐sec bursts of 75 dB white noise. Variable stimulus intervals were employed.Significant subject‐race effects, but no experimenter‐race effects, were found for base level measures. NegroSs evidenced significantly higher basal resistance levels. Conversely, experimenter‐race effects, but no subject‐race effects, were apparent in the GSR magnitude data. WhiteSs showed a significantly slower rate of response magnitude decrease over trials when paired with blackEs. A significant decrease in spontaneous activity over time was observed

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb00807.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the present experiment was to investigate the effects of prior CS presentations (habituation) on the acquisition of a CR during classical conditioning of the SCR. Six groups ofSs received either 1, 4, or 16 habituation trials. Each of the habituation conditions was divided into two groups during acquisition with one receiving 16 paired trials and the other receiving 16 unpaired trials. (1) The paired groups made significantly larger CRs across acquisition trials than the unpaired groups, (2) mean CR differences between the paired and unpaired groups increased directly as a function of habituation trials, and (3) while attenuation of the CR occurred for all groups,Ss who received 16 habituation trials in the paired CS‐UCS condition showed the least amount of response decrement. It was concluded that increased numbers of prior CS‐alone trials led to stronger conditioning. Differences between the results of this study and previous ones using skeletal response measures (latent inhibition) were no

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb00808.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the study was to explore the relationship between skin conductance fluctuations (SF) and skin conductance conditioning with designs permitting conclusions regarding both reactivity and conditioning. In the first experiment, involving simple delayed conditioning with a tone CS, a shock UCS, and an 8‐sec ISI, groups high and low in SF during conditioning and sensitization were formed. Spontaneous fluctuations predicted magnitude of CS, pre‐UCS, post‐UCS, and unconditioned responses. Overall conditioning was significant only for the pre‐UCS response, and for this measure the high SF group showed better conditioning than the low SF group. The second experiment involved discrimination training to pitch with shock UCS and an 8‐sec ISI. Groups high, medium, and low in SF during conditioning were selected. Again, SF predicted magnitude of all response components. Reliable conditioning and significant relationship to SF was observed for CS, pre‐UCS, and post‐UCS responses. It was concluded that SF is related to both skin conductance reactivity and skin conductance

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb00809.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTHydration of the epidermis promotes swelling of the stratum corneum, mechanical blockages of the sweat gland pore in the epidermis, and subsequent inhibition of surface sweating. If sweating continues in combination with poral closure, the resultant increase in hydrostatic pressure in the sweat duct is likely to alter the permeability of the sweat gland membrane. The experiments reported here investigated the significance of these effects for negative and positive skin potential responses (SPRs), and for the prestimulus levels associated with these responses. Hydration was found to virtually eliminate positive SPRs and to greatly reduce the prestimulus levels. A similar, though somewhat less drastic, effect was found for negative SPRs and prestimulus level. The hydration produced by a standard electrolyte (0.5% KCl in an agar jelly medium) appears to show a curvilinear time course with a rapid initial phase followed by slowly increasing hydration throughout a 20‐min period. The results were attributed to poral closure and to increased conductance through the epidermal pathway and were discussed in connection with recently suggested models of the electrodermal effector syste

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb00810.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb00811.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb00812.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTA device is described for measurement of interbeat intervals from electrocardiographic records. The device provides simple and accurate measurements of heart rate and is particularly valuable when the recording has been made at a relatively slow paper speed.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb00813.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY