摘要:

ABSTRACTThe current zeitgeist strongly emphasizes genetic and biochemical approaches to psychopathology over psychological and psychobiological approaches. It is argued that a psychobiological model, involving a theory of motivation derived from the animal learning literature, offers an attractive theoretical bridge between neurochemical influences and the phenotypic features of psychiatric disorders. This model involves separate but interactive appetitive and aversive motivational systems that control behavioral activation (appetitive) and inhibition (aversive). Ways in which these motivational constructs can be relevant to psychopathology are discussed for anxiety, psychopathy, childhood disorders, depression, mania, drug abuse, and schizophrenia. Because of this general application, motivational constructs offer an attractive theoretical framework for understanding psychopathology.Application of the motivational theory to psychophysiology suggested that heart rate may be significantly influenced by appetitive motivation. A series of studies have shown that heart rate during performance of a continuous motor task does respond to appetitive motivation in the form of performance‐contingent monetary incentives, but does not respond to aversive stimulation in the form of failure feedback. Nonspecific skin conductance fluctuations have not responded to appetitive motivation in this paradigm, but this failure could possibly be due to ceiling effects. Nonspecific skin conductance fluctuations do respond to aversive stimulation in other contexts. These findings suggest that under the right circumstances appetitive motivation can be assessed via heart rate and aversive motivation via skin conductanc

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1988.tb01873.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTAssociations have been described between task difficulty and autonomic arousal. This study addresses task difficulty effects on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), a measure of cortical activity. Earlier work suggested that in contrast to a positive association between anxiety and autonomic arousal, there is a curvilinear, inverted‐U relationship between anxiety and cortical activity. A sample of 26 normal volunteers (14 men, 12 women) was administered the 133‐Xenon inhalation technique for measuring rCBF. Measurements were taken under three conditions: Resting baseline, and Easy and Hard verbal analogy tasks. Subjects were grouped into three anxiety levels on the basis of their average score on a self‐report measure. The rCBF was higher during task performance than at rest, but did not differ between the two difficulty conditions. There were Task × Hemisphere interactions showing the expected asymmetry of activation, with higher left hemispheric increase for the verbal task. Anxiety had an inverted‐U relationship with both performance and rCBF, which were themselves positively related. These results with measures of central nervous system activity differ from those reported for autonomic responses. They indicate that anxiety effects on cortical activity may mediate the relation between anxiety and per

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1988.tb01874.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1988.tb01875.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis experiment investigates the previously reported relationship between body composition and cardiac awareness. Four groups, containing 20 subjects each, were formed using estimates of percent body fat (%BF) obtained using skinfold measures. The four groups were lean males, non‐lean males, lean females, and non‐lean females. “Lean” was defined as 15%BF or below in young males, 17%BF or below in older males, 21%BF or below in young females, and 23%BF or below in older females. Subjects were tested while seated in a recliner chair using 50 Whitehead‐type discrimination trials. Subjects were asked to discriminate true from false feedback provided in 10‐s trials. True feedback was defined as a .1‐s light flash occurring 128 ms following each R‐spike, and false feedback was defined as a flash occurring 384 ms after the R‐spike. Heart period and respiration were recorded continuously. A 2(Genders) × 2(Body Composition Groups: Lean, Non‐lean) ANOVA of discrimination scores revealed a main effect for body composition (p<.0001), but no gender main or interaction effects. One‐groupt‐tests revealed that the lean male and female groups both demonstrated discrimination at greater than chance level, but the non‐lean groups did not. The implications of these results are discussed in the context of the previously reported gender effect, and their possible contribution in understanding the mechanisms and medi

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1988.tb01876.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1988.tb01877.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTBilateral skin conductance was recorded in 6 male and 6 female smokers and in 6 male and 6 female nonsmokers on two different days. On the first day, a 10‐min rest period during which 3 male and 3 female smokers smoked a cigarette was followed by a taped series of common and uncommon innocuous tone stimuli to which evoked responses were measured. Nonsmokers did not smoke prior to presentation of the tones. On the second day, one week later, evoked responding was again measured during two further presentations of the tone stimuli after a 10‐min rest period during which the remaining smokers smoked a cigarette. During the first presentation, subjects listened to the tones as before. During the second presentation, subjects performed a pedal‐press whenever they heard the uncommon tone in the series. Results showed that smoking depressed responding to common and uncommon tones on the first day, but elevated responding to both tones on the second day during the passive listening phase. During the pedal‐press task, smoking selectively elevated responding to uncommon tones. Male smokers gave larger responses to uncommon tones in their left than right hands during the pedal‐press task, especially after smoking. Results are interpreted in terms of nicotine‐induced enhancement of the voluntary orienting reflex possibly mediated by the left fro

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1988.tb01878.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1988.tb01879.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1988.tb01880.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1988.tb01881.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1988.tb01882.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY