摘要:

ABSTRACTIn a preliminary study, it was observed that when increasingly intense light stimuli were presented simultaneously with a loud noise, magnitude of the skin conductance response increased over the first three levels of increasing light intensity, and then exhibited a paradoxical decrease. The present study extended the previous one by adding more intense stimuli and by examining the influence of inner sources of arousal in the form of motor effort and tonic skin conductance. Twenty subjects, half of whom squeezed a dynamometer during stimulus presentations, were presented with four intensities of noise combined with four intensities of light in all combinations in a randomized Latin Square design. Compared to the previous study, an increase in paradoxical responding was observed. However, the results could not be interpreted by simply assuming a reflexive inhibitory response to high levels of total stimulation. Rather they suggested the occurrence of what we have referred to as “intensity learning,” which involves a selective diminution in reactivity to high intensity stimuli while reactivity and alertness are retained to low intensity stim

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01401.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTWhen stressed, subjectd showed increased arousal as measured by changes in pulse rate, skin conductance, and self‐reports but did not show changes in EEG‐alpha production. The finding that EEG‐alpha was not sensitive to changes in arousal above the normal level is inconsistent with what has generally been assumed and suggests that alpha biofeedback training will not be effective for teaching persons to reduce high levels of ar

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01402.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01403.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTVariations in HR, forearm EMG, and anxiety level were recorded over a 6‐min interval scheduled to end with an electric shock. Sixty subjects were divided equally among four groups. Only two of the groups could watch a clock while waiting for the shock; the other two had no clock available. One group in each of these two conditions gave verbal reports of anxiety at various times while waiting for the shock. The results showed an increase in HR at the end of the anticipation interval in the two Clock groups, and no such rise in the two No Clock groups. Very similar results were found for anxiety level, but not for forearm EMG. These findings suggest that HR increases during anticipation of shock reflect a rising anxiety level, rather than a concomitant increase in muscle activit

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01404.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTTwo studies were carried out examining the relationship between coronary‐prone behavior pattern and cardiovascular responses to an experimental stressor. Among 52 subjects of the Type A (coronary‐prone) and Type B (non‐coronary‐prone) behavior patterns in Study I, Type A males showed greater elevations of systolic blood pressure than Type B males on exposure to a difficult cognitive task; no reliable differences were found for Type A and B females. Due to a conceptual similarity of the coronary‐prone behavior pattern and the personality dimension of Internal External locus of control, 48 male subjects in Study II were selected with respect to four subject groups: Type A‐Internals, Type A‐Externals, Type B‐Internals, and Type B‐Externals. Again, Type As showed a more pronounced systolic response than subjects of the Type B pattern, though diastolic blood pressure and heart rate responses did not vary by coronary‐prone behavior pattern. While locus of control‐Internals tended to show greater task‐related systolic elevations than Externals, this effect was not significant. Self‐reports of anxiety increased during the period of the task, but revealed no differences among Type A and B subjects of either study. It was concluded that for male subjects the Type A‐Type B dimension constitutes a salient variable of individual differences mediating th

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01405.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01406.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThirty‐five subjects from two independent studies were awakened at EEG‐defined periods during the night with 1000 Hz ascending tone series. Awakenings were made five to eight times per night during stage 2, stage 4, or REM sleep over a series of nights in good and poor sleepers. Reliability was assessed within stage, within night, between stages, and between nights. Good and poor sleepers did not differ in either depth of sleep or reliability of arousal threshold and were thus pooled in the analyses. From night to night, the most consistency was seen in stage 4 (r=.74), although REM reliability (r̄1= .49) and stage 2 reliability (r̄1= .50 andr̄1= .69 in the two respective studies) estimates were also greater than zero. Early sleep onset and morning arousals were more variable. Reliability estimates on arousal thresholds taken within the same night for stage 2 werer= .64 andr̄1= .77 for the two studies andr= .96 for REM. The depth of sleep was not correlated with awake auditory threshold. It was concluded that five or six carefully placed arousals could give a good estimate of an individual's usual arousal th

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01407.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe present experiment examined 11 male adolescents for relationships between the autonomic measures of heart rate (HR) and skin conductance (SC) and three rates of finger tapping, a) subject resting, b) DRL.5 sec, and c) FR5, as a measure of behavioral arousal. At each level of behavioral arousal, minimum, mean, and maximum HR were analyzed. Mean and maximum HR increased only at high arousal, while minimum HR increased with each increase in behavioral arousal. SC was higher during tapping than resting, but was uninfluenced by rate of tapping. The potential value of the maximum and minimum HR and SC measures as tools for inferring the role of parasympathetic versus sympathetic mechanisms in autonomic arousal was discussed. This paradigm provides a simple, nonaversive method for examining autonomic and behavioral arousal.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01408.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01409.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was twofold: 1) to attempt to replicate a previous study in which subjects were trained to produce bi‐directional changes in diastolic BP as great as 10% to 15% of baseline, and 2) to determine whether the same subjects could acquire such a BP response under conditions of induced muscle tension. A 2x3 design was used in which 24 subjects were randomly assigned to one of two training procedures (feedback vs no feedback), and one of three muscular tension conditions. Acquisition took place over 14 sessions; 7 were used to train UP and 7 were used to condition DOWN responses. Results showed that during UP training, subjects learned to raise their BP in the absence of induced tension, but not when tension was present. However, the same subjects learned to lower their BP with and without induced tension, although their performance under the tension condition was only marginally reliabl

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01410.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY