摘要:

ABSTRACTThere are suggestions in the literature that the electroencephalographic (EEG) desynchronization response is in the newborn's repertoire. The present investigation was designed to examine that possibility under stringent experimental conditions. Sixteen normal neonates were presented with a 1‐Sec pure tone or white noise during one episode of quiet sleep and one episode of active sleep. Flat activity during stimulated quiet sleep was compared with spontaneous periods of low voltage activity during a nonstimulated quiet sleep episode. Comparisons were also made between responses in quiet sleep with and without prior stimulation in active sleep. Habituation and dishabituation were studied by presenting the nonfamiliar stimulus after repetition of the original stimulus. Increased EEG desynchronization to stimulation was found but the response appears to be a complex function of the type of stimulus, recording location, stimulus repetition, and the prior experience variable. The results have implications for differential maturation of the brain, the perceptual capacities of the neonate, and the controversy over orientation in the newbor

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1975.tb00001.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis experiment was designed to test the effects on subsequent sleep of a restriction in sleep length on the previous night. Eight male subjects were studied. After baseline recordings were made, sleep was restricted to either a period between 4‐8 am or to a period between 6–8 am. On the night following the restriction of sleep the subjects retired at 11 pm and they were permitted to sleep ad lib in the morning.The restricted sleep periods resulted in differential sleep deprivation. Stages REM and 2 were markedly reduced whereas stages 3 and 4 showed little or no reduction in amount. There were significant reductions in sleep latencies and in the amount of lime spent in stages 0 and 1. The first 8 hrs of ad lib sleep following the 2 restricted sleep periods did not differ in any significant way from the 8 hrs of baseline sleep. When sleep was permitted to continue until the subjects awakened spontaneously, the sleep after the restriction of sleep to‘i hrs was significantly longer and displayed significantly more of stages REM and 2 when compared with the baseline ad lib sleep condition. The ad lib sleep period following the 4 hr condition showed similar changes although the differences were not statistically significant.The significant reductions in stages KEM and 2 during the restricted sleep periods were attributed to the effects of reduced steep length per se. The increases in sleep length and specifically the increases in stages REM and 2 during the ad lib sleep periods were attributed to a differential sleep “debt” accruing from restricted sle

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1975.tb00002.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe amplitude of the evoked response to the second of a pair of somatosensory stimuli was studied as a function of the interstimulus interval in subject of above average intelligence and in subjects of borderline or retarded intelligence classified as slow learners. Recovery functions were biphasic for both groups but the slow learners showed less recovery of cortical responsiveness at brief interstimulus intervals. The results indicate that recovery functions of the somatosensory evoked responses are related lo behavioral measures as reflected in mild deficits in intellectual performance.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1975.tb00003.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1975.tb00004.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTSome respiratory correlates of affect were examined by a computer partitioning of breath duration mid inspiration, expiration, and postexpiration pause components. Negative affects (primarily anxiety and hostility) were induced by showing stress films. The subjects' affects were assessed by a mood adjective checklist, and respiration by measures of thoracic and abdominal circumference during the viewing of stress and neutral films. No stress effect was observed on total breath time (respiration rate). However, expiration nines were longer and pause limes shorter during the stress than during the neutral 61ms. It is suggested that these changes may be due to increased tension in respiratory muscle groups. It was also found that breath times were longer during the first film viewed by the subjects than during then during subsequent films This pattern was observed when the subjects were cautiously attentive, and is attributed primarily to an increase in inspiration duration.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1975.tb00005.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTForty subjects, given binary and proportional auditory and visual feedback and asked to raise and lower their heart rate on signal, were able to produce increases of up to 46 bpm and decreases of up to 14 bpm, with a mean increase over 5 experimental days of 11 bpm and a decrease of 5 bpm. Increases in both diastolic and systolic blood pressure and increases in skin potential level and number of skin potential responses accompanied voluntary increases in heart rate but not decreases. Subjects with the highest resting heart rate variability and skin potential level were best able to raise their heart rate. Subjects with the highest resting heart rate and highest resting heart rate variability were best able to decrease the heart rate. Subjects with high Ego Strength scores (or low Welsh's Factor A scores) on the MMPI were best able to control their heart rate. The Ego Strength score, resting heart rate, and resting heart rate variability were all significantly intercorrelated. Subjects showed marked individual differences in ability to control heart rate, although there was a significant correlation between ability to raise and ability to lower heart rate.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1975.tb00006.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe effect of varying monetary reinforcement on performance in an occipital alpha enhancement situation was examined. It was found that alpha output was increased with larger rewards but that the changes in performance were not linearly related to size of reward.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1975.tb00007.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIn a series of studies, Shevrin and his colleagues have reported that the effects of subliminal perception are encoded in the average evoked response. Our experiment was a more stringent test in that we (1) collected both physiological and behavioral data in the same trials, (2) attempted to minimize criterial differences in the employment of physiological and behavioral responses, and (3) behaviorally verified conditions designed to be subliminal. Two stimuli were presented tachistoscopically in a given trial, separated by 1 sec; over blocks of trials, exposure duration for the stimuli was 3, 7, 15, and 30 msec. At 3 msec exposure, all subjects detected the stimuli but could not discriminate between them; discrimination increased with increasing exposure duration. But at no exposure duration did average evoked response measures discriminate between the stimuli‐the only changes in evoked response measures were those due to increasing stimulus energy. Thus, there was no evidence for either subliminal or supraliminal discrimination of stimulus content by the AE

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1975.tb00008.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTAn attempt by Schwartz and Rem (1975) to replicate a series of studies by Shevrin and coworkers purporting to show that the average evoked response encodes subliminal perception is found to be limited as a replication in a number of ways. Despite substantial departures in method and procedures Schwartz and Rem report a potentially confirmatory finding: AER cross correlations betweendifferentstimuli are significantly lower than forsimilarstimuli in an exposure level (3 msec) in which subjects fail to make an above chance verbal discrimination. In view of the important theoretical issues involved concerning the nature of subliminal perception and unconscious cognitive processes this cross correlation finding should be further investigated. Suggestions are made as to how this might be done.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1975.tb00009.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIn a 2 × 2 factorial experiment, 24 internal and 24 external locus of control subjects underwent an aversive shock‐avoidance procedure. Half of the subjects were permitted to temporarily escape the situation whenever they wished by requesting a rest period, while the remaining subjects had comparable rest periods imposed on them by the experimenter. Control over initiation of the rest periods had an arousal‐reducing effect on systolic blood pressure. Diastolic pressure indicated an interaction of locus of control with the situational availability of a self‐initiated escape response, with blood pressure elevations the lowest where the personality and situational control factors were con

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1975.tb00010.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY