摘要:

ABSTRACTExperiments are reported concerning an evaluation of sympathetic influences on heart rate and cardiac contractility in normal young adult humans during a stressful reaction time task. During the preparatory interval only vagal influences on heart rate change could be found which were related to concomitant somatic activity. In expectation of the shock and for a more sustained period thereafter, sympathetic influences became manifested on both heart rate and contractility which were independent of concomitant somatic activity. In a follow‐up study, the relationship was evaluated between blood pressure, as measured directly from the radial artery, and both contractility and heart rate. Sympathetic influences on the heart were not found to be secondary to depressor effects, although appreciable phasic decreases in blood pressure were sometimes found to follow the onset of large increases in heart rate and contractility. The data suggest that sympathetic influences on the heart are normally very minimal but are evoked by intense stress when the organism attempts to cope with the stres

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1974.tb00566.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1974.tb00567.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe effects of EEG alpha feedback and instructional set were studied in 40 college students. Reported subjective experiences during feedback were examined experimentally in a factorial “drug‐drug set” design. Alpha and no‐alpha feedback were each paired with alpha and neutral instructions, in order to observe the individual and combined effects of alpha activity and instructional set. The results showed that for an “alpha experience” to occur, both alpha activity and alpha set are necessary; neither alone is sufficient. Theoretical considerations based on the Schachter and Singer (1962) drug model and some implications for alpha feedback research ar

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1974.tb00568.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTHyperactive boys being treated with methylphenidate medication were randomly divided into two groups. In one of the hyperactive groups (n = 18) methylphenidate was withheld for approximately 72 hrs before testing. Boys in the other hyperactive group (n = 20) continued to take their usual daily doses of methylphenidate. Normal boys formed a third group (n = 20). The following electrodermal measures were taken: basal resistance, frequency of non‐specific responses, specific response amplitude to an auditory signal, and number of trials to habituation. Normal and off‐drug hyperactive groups differed significantly on specific response amplitude, and trials to habituation. In addition, frequency of non‐specific responses approached significance. These differences indicated lower reactivity in the off‐drug hyperactive group. Off‐drug and on‐drug hyperactive groups differed significantly on frequency of non‐specific responses. In addition, trials to habituation approached significance. These differences again indicated lower reactivity in the off‐drug hy

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1974.tb00569.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIn an attempt to assess orienting (OR) and defensive responses (DR) of anxious and normalSs, heart rate (HR) and skin conductance (SC) changes were measured in response to three intensities of signal and non‐signal tones. AnxiousSs significantly differed from normalSs in the number of spontaneous SC responses emitted, but did not differ in either magnitude or rate of habituation of SC responses to the tones. An analysis of second‐by‐second changes in HR suggested that, relative to normalSs, anxiousSs show a deficit in OR and a greater tendency to respond with a pattern characteristic of a DR. This difference was particularly apparent under signal condi

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1974.tb00570.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe present study investigated the possibility that reading disabled children exhibit abnormal visual evoked responses (VERs). Comparisons were made between a group of disabled children and two control groups of normals, one group matched on age and IQ, and the other on reading level and IQ. VERs were obtained for flashes of light and word stimuli. Results indicated that the reading disabled children showed a significantly smaller amplitude in the negative wave at 180 msec following stimulus onset, for an electrode placed in the region of the left angular gyrus, compared to the two controls. All three groups showed significantly greater negative amplitudes at this latency for the word stimulus compared to the light flash. The results confirm some earlier findings and suggest that a neurological origin of reading disability is likely.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1974.tb00571.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1974.tb00572.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTTwo experiments are reported which tested the effect of cold pressor (CP) stimulation on cutaneous vasomotor activity. Both experiments confirm earlier findings that someSs show decreased digital blood volume to CP (constrictors) while others show an increase (dilators). In Experiment I, it is demonstrated that the constrictor‐dilator responses cannot be attributed to differential response to instruction. A superimposed reaction time task is shown not to change ongoing response to CP. Experiment II investigates the effects of levels of tonic activity upon response to CP stimulation in males and females by two methods: experimental manipulation of tonic level by shock and independent measurement of tonic sympathetic activity by other physiological measures (pulse amplitude and skin conductance). Resting levels of pulse wave amplitude are significantly correlated with response to CP, the higher the amplitude, the greater the time to blood volume rebound. The results tentatively support the hypothesis that constrictors and dilators differ in sympathetic vasomotor tonus prior to cold presso

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1974.tb00573.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1974.tb00574.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe effects of human social contact on the electrocardiogram (EKG) and general behavior of 2 horses were explored. Petting elicited a slowing of heart rate, while a person entering and exiting elicited transient, but often marked heart rate increases. In both horses transient periods of T wave inversion occurred in the EKG during human contact. In one of the horses the frequency of dropped heart beats increased dramatically during successive trials of human petting. In this horse a total of 29 dropped heart beats were observed of which 23 occurred while a person was with the horse, although this contact occupied only 15 percent of the total observation period.These findings parallel previous observations made with dogs. Similar observations of changes in the heart rate and rhythm of patients in coronary care units and a shock‐trauma unit during social contact with other humans underscore the need to develop empirical analogues of these reactions. The horse appears to offer an ideal model for understanding the psychosocial, hemodynamic, and central nervous system mechanisms involved in these reaction

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1974.tb00575.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY