摘要:

ABSTRACTIt was suggested that the effects of fear‐relevant pictures as conditioned stimuli (CSs) for electrodermal responses may be explained if it is assumed that they produce conditioned defense responses (DRs), as opposed to the orienting responses (ORs) that are produced by fear‐irrelevant stimuli. Some propositions in Edelberg's theory of electrodermal activity were used to differentiate between DRs and ORs in a test of this hypothesis. Groups of subjects were conditioned to fear‐relevant (snakes and spiders) or fear‐irrelevant (flowers and mushrooms) CSs by means of an aversive (electric shock) or a non‐aversive (imperative signal for a reaction time (RT) task) unconditioned stimulus in long interval differential paradigms. The neutral‐shock, phobic‐RT, and neutral‐RT groups showed no palmar‐dorsal differences either in magnitude, probability or amplitude, and no conditioning in the recovery rate measure. However, the phobic‐shock group showed a peak of dorsal magnitude early in training that subsequently habituated whereas the palmar magnitude data indicated a gradual conditioning effect that lasted throughout the 20 extinction trials. In addition, it showed slower recovery to the reinforced than to the nonreinforced stimulus. These data are taken as support

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01342.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01343.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIn three experiments involving young adult males, beta‐adrenergic influences on heart rate and carotid dP/dt were evaluated as a function of the degree of individual control over stressful events. Beta‐adrenergic effects were more pronounced under conditions in which the subjects were either led to believe they had control or where some control was actually provided, i.e., a shock avoidance task. Beta‐adrenergic influences were either minimal or rapidly dissipated under conditions where no control was possible, i.e., the cold pressor, a pornographic film, inescapable shocks, or conditions which provided ready mastery of the task. Where beta‐adrenergic effects were maximal, systolic blood pressure was more appreciably elevated while diastolic blood pressure was less elevated than when beta‐adrenergic effects were minimal. A pharmacological blocking agent (propranolol) was used in one experiment to specify the extent the various cardiovascular changes were influenced by beta‐adrenergic activity. The results are discussed with respect to issues concerning stimulus parameters, blood pressure control mechanisms, individual differences in cardiovascular reactivity, and some methodological problems of the cu

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01344.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01345.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTPerformance is known to fall‐off with the time on a vigilance task. Treatment with methylphenidate attenuates this decrement while treatment with secobarbital enhances it. This experiment was designed to test whether this performance decrement and the drug effects on it are associated with changes in selective attention or in general state (i.e. motivation, alertness, or arousal). Subjects were treated with either 10 mg of methylphenidate, 100 mg of secobarbital, or a placebo in a double‐blind cross‐over design. Two event‐related potentials (N1and P3) were measured to four tone pips presented in a random sequence. Only two of the four tones could occur in each ear. The task during the vigil was to detect a designated target tone pip. The amplitude of N1was larger to both target and non‐target stimuli in the attended ear than to those in the unattended ear; P3amplitude was larger only to the target stimuli. N1amplitude decreased with time especially when secobarbital was administered. This decrement in N1amplitude was comparable for both attended and unattended stimuli. The data support the view that the vigilance performance decrement and related drug effects on it are associated primarily with changes in gene

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01346.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01347.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe effectiveness of detection of deception was evaluated with a sample of 48 prisoners, half of whom were diagnosed psychopaths. Half of each group were “guilty” of taking $20 in a mock crime and half were “innocent.” An examiner who had no knowledge of the guilt or innocence of each subject conducted a field‐type interview followed by a control question polygraph examination. Electrodermal, respiration, and cardiovascular activity was recorded, and field (semi‐objective) and quantitative evaluations of the physiological responses were made. Field evaluations by the examiner produced 88% correct, 4% wrong, and 8% inconclusives. Excluding inconclusives, there were 96% correct decisions. Using blind quantitative scoring and field evaluations, significant discrimination between “guilty” and “innocent” subjects was obtained for a variety of electrodermal, respiration, and cardiovascular measures. Psychopaths were as easily detected as nonpsychopaths, and psychopaths showed evidence of stronger electrodermal responses and heart rate decelerations. The effectiveness of control question techniques in differentiating truth and deception was demonstrated in psychopathic and nonpsychopathic criminals in a mock crime situation, and the generalizability of the results to the field sit

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01348.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe article by Raskin and Hare (1978) asserts or very plainly implies that: 1) the control question lie test is extraordinarily accurate; 2) that this high accuracy can be achieved by objective scoring of the polygraph charts; 3) that the theory of this test is psychologically reasonable and was confirmed by the experiment reported; 4) that subjects give qualitatively different autonomic responses when lying than they do when telling the truth; and 5) that the experiment described shows that psychopaths can no more “beat” the lie detector than non‐psychopaths. All of these socially important claims or implications are critically examined and all of them are found to be unte

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01349.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTCriticisms by Lykken (1978) of the research reported by Raskin and Hare (1978) and other research and findings on the accuracy of detection of deception are examined. In light of the available data and evidence, Lykken's arguments are found to be deficient in terms of accuracy, consistency, and validity.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01350.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01351.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY