摘要:

ABSTRACTAlmost no work exploring the effects of auditory stimulus onset and offset is to be found, especially if one looks at the problem in a developmental manner. In order to investigate this problem, a total of 62 infants within the first year of life were seen: 22, 20, and 20 subjects at 12, 24, and 52 weeks respectively. Each infant received 7 trials, 30 sec in duration, with a 30‐sec intertrial interval. The first 6 trials consisted of the same auditory signal‐a C chord at 65 db‐while the 7th trial was either a C tone or a C chord with the base notes muted (dull), both at 65 db. Heart rate was continuously monitored along with other measures not reported in this paper. Amount of deceleration was used as the primary response.The data indicate several important results: (1) a consistent and rather large degree of deceleration; this for both onset and offset. (2) For 3‐ and 6‐month‐olds the terminal OR is less than the onset OR, while the 12‐month‐olds show greater terminal than onset OR. (3) Habituation of the onset OR follows a developmental pattern, with 3‐month‐olds showing the least habituation and 12‐month‐olds showing the most. (4) Habituation of terminal OR also shows a developmental trend, with the 3‐ and 6‐month‐olds showing habituation while 12‐month‐olds show little habituation. The recovery data (dishabituation) results for the 7th trial indicate that some chang

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00506.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTA study is described of the contribution of the electrodermal response to the measurement of broadcast communication effect. A 2 × 2 mixed between‐within groups design was employed. The within groups variable was radio commercial content, while the between groups variable was production style. Electrodermal measurements included average log conductance change, number of responses, and recovery half time. Comparison measures included retention test, interestingness scales, and semantic differentials. Only average log conductance change significantly discriminated stimuli on both between and within groups variables. An explanatory model incorporating Sokolov's notion of the neuronal model and the Deutsch and Deutsch model for attention is offer

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00507.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTExperimental uremia in primates has been demonstrated to produce severe decrements in psychological functions which are related to the accumulation of toxic metabolites in blood. More recent neurophysiological research has referred uremic encephalopathy to disrupted sodium‐potassium exchange in uremic brain. The present clinical investigations have found decrements in cognitive functioning with repeated testing in patients maintained on intermittent hemodialysis, which were correlated with plasma concentrations of potassium and creatinine. Power Spectral Density analyses of EEG indicated a shift to lower frequencies in these patients as compared to control subjects. No significant departure from normal functioning has been determined in patients receiving renal transplant tested within 60 days post‐surgica

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00508.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTSeven groups of 12Ss were exposed to various conditioning and control procedures in a delayed conditioning paradigm. The conditioning groups included a group that labeled the CS before presentation of the UCS, a group that labeled the CS after presentation of the UCS, and a group that did not label at all. The control groups included a backward conditioning group, a CS‐only group, a UCS‐only group, and a random, unpaired CS‐UCS group. All conditioning groups and no control group exhibited the inverted U‐shaped acquisition curve which is typically reported in studies of GSR conditioning. There was evidence that UCRs, ORs, and their interaction can interfere with delayed as well as with non‐delayed CRs. With initial OR reactivity controlled, there was equivocal evidence for a monotonic generalization

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00509.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThese experiments tested whether waveform changes in evoked responses to visual stimuli could be produced by changes in stimulus content independent of changes in stimulus structure. Ambiguous figures were employed to manipulate content without changing structure. To manipulate structure without changing content, stimuli were presented in original and mirror image versions or versions varying in size. The results indicated that evoked responses can be modified by content differences independent of any structural changes, but it was suggested that content related changes might reflect the operation of more general psychological processes such as attention and emotion.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00510.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis experiment examined the effects of unilateral stimulation on the relative magnitude and latency of skin conductance responses recorded bilaterally from the palms. The unilaterally applied stimuli were shocks to either the left or right forefinger and voluntary flexion of either the left or right foot. Additional stimuli consisted of binaurally presented tones and deep breaths. In a within‐Ss design, the 22 Ss were submitted to 18 repetitions of each stimulus. The unilateral shocks as well as the foot movements had the effect of augmenting the relative magnitude of skin conductance responses from the palm ipsilateral to the site of stimulation. The shocks were found to be somewhat more effective than foot flexion in producing this effect. The relative latencies of responses were also influenced by the shocks, with shorter latency responses occurring from the palm ipsilateral to the stimulus site. Consideration is given to the role of both suprasegmental and spinal‐cord mechanisms in mediating these effects of unilateral stim

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00511.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTA series of studies was conducted in an attempt to explore the effect of sleep on consolidation of memory traces. In each study, Ss were shown words shortly after each of several awakenings during the night. After the words were shown, the Ss were either permitted to return to sleep immediately (S treatment) or were kept awake for 5 min working on a psychomotor task (A treatment). Memory for the words was tested the following morning.Under the (S) treatment condition, retention was positively related to the time taken to return to sleep after the word was shown. It was possible to replicate previous findings that retention is better in the (A) than in the (S) treatment. However, this treatment effect was found only if the psychomotor task was conducted under testlike conditions and only if the Ss pronounced the words during the stimulus presentation. If the task was presented to the S as a game, or if pronunciation was delayed until after the presentation ended, merely keeping theSawake in the (A) treatment did not improve retention. The phenomena observed do not appear to be easily interpreted as an effect of sleep on memory.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00512.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIt has been proposed that REM sleep maintains facilitation of coordinated eye movements necessary for accurate binocular depth perception (Berger, 1969). This experiment confirmed the prediction that binocular depth perception would be more accurate at the ends of REM periods than at their onsets. Eight male subjects were studied during 4 non‐consecutive nights of sleep. Accuracy of binocular and monocular depth perception were measured with different apparatus in the evening prior to sleep onset, after awakenings made alternately at the onsets or ends of REM periods, and 15 min after awakening in the morning. Accuracy of binocular depth perception was significantly better at the ends of REM periods than at their onsets (p<.001), whereas accuracy of monocular depth perception did not significantly differ. That the monocular task was sensitive to variables of sleep was indicated by impairment at the first REM onset with little variation throughout the night, so that it was significantly worse 15 min after morning awakening than the previous evening (p<.05). In contrast, accuracy of binocular depth perception was significantly better in the morning than the previous evening and at REM onsets (p<.05

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00513.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTPhotographic slides of familiar objects or cartoons were tachistoscopically presented to a group of 79 normal children (age 5‐11 years) in a study of the evoked response correlates of meaningful visual stimuli. Control stimuli consisted of blank slides or defocused cartoons matched for brightness. A warning flash preceded the slides by 1 sec. EEG and eye movement potentials were recorded on line with a 9.5 sec time constant and averaged off‐line. The principal finding was a vertex negative slow potential peaking about 500 msec after slide presentation which correlated with reports of interest in and recall of both objects and cartoons. Responses in the occipital region changed less consistently with pictorial material, and were the same to the warning flash whether it preceded control or test stimuli. The vertex negative response appears to be a corollary of perceptual integration of meaningful stimuli. Among alternative explanations nonspecific differences in arousal level and/or expectancy appear to be unlikely on the basis of our data. A primary role of edge contrast in generating these late negative responses would not be predicted on the basis of published evidence, but our attempt to control for this alternative yielded equivocal resu

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00514.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTPalmar skin potential levels (SPLs) and the amplitude of the T‐wave of the electrocardiogram (EKG) were measured in groups of habituated male subjects in conditions of bed rest and while resting in a sitting position. Significant correlations of ‐.70 and ‐.61 between the negativity of SPL and T‐wave amplitude were obtained when there was minimal palmar sudorific activity and skin potential could be designated as ‘basal’ (BSPL). Previous work had suggested that BSPL might be related to extracellular potassium (K+) levels and evidence is presented which relates EKG T‐wave amplitude to palmar K+levels. The results thus provide support for the hypothesis that measured values of SPL reflect leve

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00515.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY