摘要:

ABSTRACTThis paper reviews the literature on the Nl wave of the human auditory evoked potential. It concludes that at least six different cerebral processes can contribute to (he negative wave recorded from the scalp with a peak latency between 50 and 150 ms: a component generated in the auditory‐cortex on the supratemporal plane, a component generated in the association cortex on the lateral aspect of the temporal and parietal cortex, a component generated in the motor and premotor cortices, the mismatch negativity, a temporal component of the processing negativity, and a frontal component of the processing negativity, The first three, which can be considered ‘true’ N1 components, are controlled by the physical and temporal aspects of the stimulus and by the general state of the subject. The other three components are not necessarily elicited by a stimulus but depend on the conditions in which the stimulus occurs. They often last much longer than the true N1 components that they ov

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1987.tb00311.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTSubjects performed on a battery of tests for 3 days and nights with minimal or no sleep. Three nap schedules were investigated: 2 hrs from 0800‐1000 following Nights 1 and 2 (morning naps); 2 hrs from 2200–2400 prior to Nights 2 and 3 (evening naps): 4 hrs from 2000–2400 prior to Night 2. There was n no‐nap control group. Measures from a 30‐min addition task and subjective measures of sleepiness were analyzed. The measures used were from approximately 2 hrs before and 2 hrs after the experimental conditions. The data show an ameliorative proximal effect of naps through at least the sec

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1987.tb00312.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe present work investigates the correspondence between rhythmicity in performance efficiency and sleepiness. Eight subjects kept a repeating schedule of 7 Min in bed, 13 min awake out of bed, for two 36‐hr periods. Each 36‐hr period followed 28 hrs of sleep deprivation. Periods were separated by a one‐week interval. Time in bed was subject to two experimental conditions, either attempting or resisting sleep. During each 13‐min period outside the bedroom, subjects were tested on a choice reaction time task with three levels of movement difficult). In both the attempting sleep and resisting sleep conditions, reaction time and movement lime showed marked circadian modulation, generally matching the sleepiness cycle. There was no interaction between movement difficulty and (he effects of sleep loss. There were no significant differences in total sleep between the conditions of attempting and resisting sleep; however, subjects instructed to resist sleep had slower reaction times and less stable movement times. The significance of these findings is discussed in terms of differences between attentional mechanisms and multiple processing resources. Results support a theory that the performance and sleep wake cycles are not causally related but rather, may be regulated indepe

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1987.tb00313.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTwo experiments investigated human second‐order conditioning with electrodermal activity as the dependent variable. In Experiment 1 (N = 144), Group PP received first‐order pairings of CS1 and a white noise US of 100dB. In phase 2, Croup PP received pairings of CS2 and CS1, Group PR received first‐order pairings of CS1, and the US during phase 1, and random presentations of CS: and CS, during phase 2. Group RP received random presentatiuns of CS2, and the US during phase 1, and pairings of CS: and CS, during phase 2. Within each of Groups PP, PR. and RP. the CSs were pictures of snakes and spiders, beetles and lizards, or flowers and mushrooms. All CS durations were 5 s, the US duration was 1 s, and the interstimulus interval was 5 s. First‐order conditioning was clearly established in Groups PP and PR. and in phase 2. second‐order conditioning was evident in Group PP. However, neither first‐order nor second‐order conditioning was affected, in either acquisition or extinction, by fear‐relevance of the CS. Experiment 2 (N‐ 72) employed only groups who received stimulus pairings in both phases, and crossed fear‐relevance of the CSs (fear‐relevant vs. fear‐irrelevant) with three US conditions (shock after work‐up, noise after work‐up, and noise of lOOdB). Second‐order responding during extinction was greater in the fear‐relevant condition than in the fear‐irrelevant condition regardless of the type of US employed. The results are discussed in terms of the preparedness the

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1987.tb00314.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1987.tb00315.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTEvent‐related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during a selective attention task involving weak or strong electrical stimuli delivered to the index fingers of the left and right hands. In an attend weak condition, subjects were asked to count the number of weak stimuli (targets) interspersed amongst strong stimuli (standards) delivered to a designated hand, whilst ignoring a similar set of stimuli delivered to the other hand. In an attend strong condition, subjects were asked to count the number of strong targets interspersed amongst weak stimuli. In both conditions, targets and standards occurred with probabilities of .10 and .40 respectively on each hand. Counting weak targets was found to be more difficult than counting strong targets. The latency of the earliest significant effect of selective attention on ERPs to standards was dependent on stimulus intensity: N80 in the case of weak standards, P105 for strong standards. There was no evidence of a later prolonged negative shift in attended standard ERPs. Rather, an enhanced N150 component post‐centrally was followed by a prolonged positive shift of attended standard ERPs. This Late positive shift had a similar scalp distribution to the late positive component elicited by attended target stim

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1987.tb00316.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1987.tb00317.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe present paper reports two studies which address the extent to which cardiovascular responses to behavioral stress can be conceptualised as a stable individual difference variable in children. In the first study, eighth grade girls (mean age = 14.2 yrs) who had participated in a study of the familial aggregation of cardiovascular responses to behavioral stress were asked to repeat the assessment protocol when they were in (he ninth grade (mean age = 15.1 yrs). Results showed that mean task‐induced increases in diastolic blood pressure and heart rate during serial subtraction, mirror image tracing, and isometric handgrip tasks were reliable across test sessions, particularly due to the reliable increases exhibited during the mirror image tracing task. In the second study, fifth grade boys (mean age = 10.4 yrs) who had participated in a previous experiment (Matthews&Jennings, 1984) of cardiovascular responses during a video game were tested in the ninth grade (mean age ‐ 14.0 yrs) in the protocol used in Study 1. Results showed that mean tusk‐induced increases in diastolic blood pressure and heart rate during video games were related to mean task‐induced increases during serial subtraction, mirror image tracing, and isometric handgrip tasks over three years Liter. The association for heart rate increases during the video game and isometric handgrip task was particularly impressive. These results suggest that task‐induced diastolic blood pressure and heart rate responses of children are stable over substantial periods of time and amiss important developmental transitions, and generalize across tasks requiring qualitatively different behavioral responses. Nonetheless, future research is needed in adults and children to further identify factors which influence the stability and generalizability of cardiovascular responses to behavior

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1987.tb00318.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1987.tb00319.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1987.tb00320.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY