摘要:

ABSTRACTInvestigations of sex differences in various electrodermal measures have yielded inconsistent results. The present investigation attempted to examine sex differences primarily as a function of varied conditions of threat (stated probability of receiving electric shock). Thirty males and 30 females were randomly assigned to three conditions: High Threat Probability (HTP), Moderate Threat Probability (MTP), or No Threat Probability (NTP). All Ss heard, under assigned threat instructions, 2 sets of 11 tones, preceded by a nonstimulation period and followed by 11 tones with shock threat removed. Results indicated that the threat conditions did affect electrodermal measures as expected. In addition, males exhibited higher tonic (basal conductance) levels throughout, while females displayed greater phasic reactivity (GSR magnitude) and a larger number of nonspecific GSRs. In addition, nonspecific frequency was affected by the interaction of sex with treatment (threat), such that females displayed higher frequencies under moderate threat, while males increased linearly with increased threat. Degree of stress or threat, the possibility of differential perceptions, and a theory of differential hormonal functioning were applied in interpreting results.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00459.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTTo determine correlates of the tendency to make errors of commission in a vigilance task, 31Ss worked at a task of listening to recorded digits for 48 min and reported odd‐even‐odd digit sequences. Reports of “signals” where signals did not actually occur constituted commission errors. WhileSwas engaged in the vigilance task skin conductance was continuously recorded. A measure of extra‐version and neuroticism was available for eachS. The tendency to make commission errors was associated with decrement in the detection of real signals over time, low GSR amplitude at detection points, and low initial orienting response. Commission errors were positively related to extraversion and unrelated to neuroticism. It was concluded that commission errors are made bySs who are low in arousal level, subject to vigilance decrement, and likely to score higher on extr

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00460.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTTwenty different consonant trigrams were presented individually to 38 observers in a standard OR habituation paradigm while the GSRs and BSRs were recorded. The observers were later categorized according to extraversion and neuroticism (anxiety) scores. All observers evidenced habituation in varying degrees to these dissimilar stimuli; however, the stable observers responded to more of the stimuli than did the neurotics. This basic neuroticism effect was modified by the extraversion factor as shown by response magnitudes: stable introverts and neurotic extraverts habituated differently than did the stable extraverts and neurotic introverts. This significant extraversion × neuroticism interaction was also present, in the same form, in the BSR data: stable introverts and neurotic extraverts had declining BSR values, while with stable extraverts and neurotic introverts, the BSRs increased (i.e., they became less attentive)

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00461.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTTwentySs were divided into two groups according to whether they received as a noxious stimulus in a count‐up a mild shock or a punishing sound. Trials were varied over as well as within days. Among the findings: (1) There was considerable evidence of response fractionation among and within measures of heart rate, skin conductance, and rated stimulus intensity. (2) Trials over days exhibited an incubation effect for shock in the skin conductance data, a displacement of maximum heart rate reactivity toward the beginning of the time dimension, and a greater degree of habituation of the rated intensity of the shock stimulus than of the sound stimulus. It was concluded that habituation and incubation reflect cognitive processes, that the forward displacement of heart rate is the result of a centrally mediated inhibitory process, and that the gradient of such inhibition is steeper than the gradient of anxiet

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00462.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTAuditory average evoked responses (AERs) produced by tone onset (ON responses) and tone cessation (OFF responses) were studied in 14 normal adult subjects. When short (500 msec) tone bursts were presented widely spaced (2500 msec between tones), ON responses were large, in contrast to OFF responses, which were less than one‐third their size. But when long tones (2500 msec) were succeeded by brief (500 msec) silences, OFF and ON responses were comparable in size. In addition to this observed effect of the ratio of the percent of time the tone was on to the percent of time the tone was off, control experiments suggested that increased duration of preceding interval, unexpectancy of stimulus occurrence, and decreased mean frequency of stimulus presentation all increase the amplitude of both OFF and ON responses. OFF responses were found to be more sensitive to stimulus spacing effects than ON response

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00463.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe “spontaneous” K‐complex, an EEG phenomenon, was studied with an explicit rating system. The spontaneous K‐complex can first be identified at age 6 months. Maturation of the K‐complex progresses rapidly for about the first 2 years after birth, then slows, albeit, with increased variability until age 5 years, progressing again until a relative plateau in K‐complex development is reached at about age 12. Four parameters are used in the rating system: individuation, vertex focus, repetition, and spread of the K‐complex. It is hypothesized that neurofunctional development underlying K‐complex ontogenesis may have referents observable in terms of a number of information‐processing parameters such as behavioral‐developmental, and cognitive‐perceptual levels of functioning during early childhood. It is speculated that the neurofunctional change implied by the early ontogenesis of K‐complexes indexes the approximate age of onset of the infant's capaci

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00464.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTStudies of delayed GSR conditioning have shown that when an interstimulus interval (ISI) of sufficient duration is employed, multiple responses may occur within that interval. The studies reviewed in this article indicate that GSRs which occur early in the interval are present by the second conditioning trial. They tend to habituate, appear to be orienting responses, and, under certain circumstances, they are conditional. Those responses which occur during the later portion of the interval are minimal, if at all present, when conditioning is initiated but show a negatively accelerated growth curve across trials. These second responses are conditional and may be protective reflexes which prevent damage to the skin. It is concluded that in GSR conditioning the choice of an ISI and the specification of ISI responses may seriously affect the nature of the behavior observed, and may have serious implications for other areas of psychological investigation.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00465.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe dispersion and concentration of rapid eye movements (REMs) during nocturnal sleep was measured in 10 healthy adult subjects. A frequency distribution of the time intervals between REMs was multimodal, and provided an estimate for the minimal time separating the REMs into aggregates. A gap of 22 min between two successive REMs almost certainly delineated the groups of REMs on either side of the gap as REMPeriods(REMPs). Although the minimal time necessary to define bursts of REMs within the REMP was not as clear, it appeared to be in the vicinity of 8 sec. Bursts in the late REMPs tended to be longer and have more REMs than did bursts in the early REMPs. Yet, there was no marked difference in the number of bursts per min of REMP in comparing the early and late REMPs.A consistent pattern of ocular activity was noted within the first 20 min of REMPs. REM activity peaked 5‐10 min after the onset of the REMP and then declined significantly 10 min later. The data also suggested the existence of a cyclic pattern, i.e. a 40 min REMP had two peaks of REM activity, and a 60 min REMP had three peaks. The relationship of visual imagery in dreaming to REM activity was discusse

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00466.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe frequency of response and trials to habituation of the electrodermal onset and terminal orienting response were manipulated as a function of discrimination tasks involving either stimulus content (pitch) or duration. There were no significant differences between the groups on either measure for onset ORs; however, the duration task group demonstrated more TORs and required a greater number of trials to habituate than the content task group. The results, interpreted in terms of the development of cortical models, supported Stern's suggestion that OR and TOR habituation are related to the content and duration of the stimulus respectively.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00467.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTEvery one of the 8Ss in this experiment showed lower heart rate in anticipation of a temporally uncertain UCS than he did during anticipation of a temporally certain one. Vigilance for uncertainty removing cues during UCS uncertain trials was offered as an explanation for the reduced heart rate of this condition. Previous investigations showing acceleration in heart rate under conditions of UCS temporal uncertainty were criticized, particularly with respect to the adequacy of the cardiac baseline employed. One unexpected and unexplained finding of this study was that 7 out of 8Ss rated shocks as more painful when the UCS was certain than when it was uncertain.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00468.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY