摘要:

ABSTRACTThe physical threat anticipation paradigm was modified for the study of anticipatory social anxiety responses. It was found that heart rate (HR) and skin conductance (SC) responses during anticipation of a socially threatening event (i.e., public speaking) were similar to those occurring prior to physical threat, with the largest changes taking place during the final portion of anticipation. Likewise, self‐reports of cognitively experienced nervousness displayed a positively accelerating pattern of increase as the time of performance approached. The present findings suggest a psychological time‐division process, such that the anticipation interval consists of an initial waiting period, followed by a briefer period of active preparatron.During the anticipation interval high and low socially‐anxious subjects displayed similar HR and SC responses, but differed significantly in patterns of finger pulse volume (FPV) and self‐reported nervousness. As performance became imminent, high socially‐anxious subjects evidenced increased vasoconstriction and reported greater nervousness than low socially‐anxious subjects.Taken together, these results indicate that, irrespective of psychometrically assessed anxiety, and/or type of threatening stimulus, the autonomic patterns during anticipation of threat are characterized by accelerating responsiveness. Thus, the temporal parameter of the anticipation situation (i.e., remaining time) is the primary determinant of reactions while awai

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb02979.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe finding that the skin conductance response (SCR) to a noxious stimulus is reduced by a warning has been attributed to the information the warning conveys or, alternatively, to interference with the SCR to the stimulus by the preceding SCR to the warning. The purpose of this study was to test whether a low‐intensity warning stimulus can reduce the SCR to a noxious stimulus independently of SCR interference and produce similar reductions in subjective judgments of stimulus intensity. Eighty subjects were exposed to 30 pairings of a warning with a 98‐dB (SPL) noise. The interval between warning and noise was varied (0.5, 1, 3, 11 sec) from one pairing to another. Contrary to the SCR‐interference hypothesis, there was a significant linear decrease in the SCR to noise from 0‐ to 11‐sec warning trials. Warnings of 1 sec also significantly reduced magnitude estimations of noise intensity. A control procedure with an innocuous 68‐dB tone substituted for the noise indicated that the SCR to innocuous stimuli may also be reduced by warnings, but that the corresponding magnitude estimations are not similar

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb02980.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb02981.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThree experiments are reported investigating cortical and visceral responding during a twostimulus anticipation paradigm. Male undergraduate volunteers received auditory warning stimuli signalling the presentation of either high or low interest color slides at the end of a 6‐sec foreperiod. A between subject factor, reaction time (RT), was included to assess the effects of a motor response on the anticipatory psychophysiology. Subjects performing the reaction time task produced a two component cortical slow potential with both components larger than under no‐task conditions. The reaction time procedure also prompted larger visceral responses. The slow cortical response proved most sensitive to the “interest” manipulation when attentional demands were ma

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb02982.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTTo determine whether acoustically evoked non‐propulsive esophageal contractions form part of an orientation (OR), a defense (DR), or a startle reaction (SR), an experiment employing 16 healthy young subjects was carried out with three levels of intensity, two levels of signal content, and two levels of rise and decay time of stimuli. It was found that: 1) number and amplitude of esophageal contractions to the stimuli increased significantly with increasing stimulus intensity, 2) number and amplitude of contractions to stimuli with sudden and slow rise time did not differ, 3) there was no clear relationship between the occurrence of a contraction and the occurrence of a decelerative or accelerative HR response, 4) there was no difference in number and amplitude of contractions to stimuli with and without signal content. In conclusion, non‐propulsive esophageal contractions are evoked by intense acoustical stimuli regardless of rise time and of signal content of the stimuli. It is suggested that contractile responses of the esophagus to intense exogenous stimuli form part of the DR of the healthy organ

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb02983.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb02984.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTTask related interhemispheric asymmetries of ongoing EEG activity (alpha band) were tested for stability across three separate occasions. Seven cognitive tasks, presumed to differentially engage either the left or right cerebral hemisphere, were presented to 6 subjects. Involvement with the tasks was determined by evaluation of performance and with a subjective report on degree of involvement. Bilateral EEG was recorded over the parietal areas referenced to an ipsilateral ear, vertex and a central placement, on separate channels. Spectral intensity estimates of 8–13 Hz activity were used to form left/right ratios for determination of asymmetry. Intra‐subject stability of alpha band activity was found to improve with the establishment of task validity and to be related to the electrode placement u

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb02985.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTTemporoparietal EEG was recorded bilaterally while 11 subjects performed 4 verbal and 4 spatial tasks on two occasions. Significant differences in integrated EEG asymmetry (8‐12 Hz) were found between verbal and spatial tasks in both sessions. Subjects’ verbal‐minus‐spatial differences in the ratio of left to right integrated amplitude were reliable both between‐ (r =.88) and within‐(mean r =.75) subjects. A percent time measure did not show significant task effects and had poor reliability. For integrated amplitude, the means of the left/right ratios of the 8 tasks were also very consistent betwe

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb02986.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb02987.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe hypothesis separately advanced by A. S. Bernstein and I. Maltzman that significance and not novelty is the agent of the orienting reflex (OR) is examined. The data on individual differences and the effects of set appealed to as grounds for a revision of the traditional novelty‐based theory of the OR are found to be explainable within that theory. Moreover, the significance hypothesis is found to have logical and theoretical shortcomings which prevent its replacing, at this time, the traditional viewpoint. On balance, it is argued, the OR is most validly conceived of as a detector of stimulus‐induced novelty, though further research is necessary to clarify a number of specific iss

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb02988.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY