摘要:

ABSTRACTTwo related ongoing research programs are described. The first examines optimal measurement strategies for assessing individual differences in cardiovascular reactivity, and the second investigates the effects of the social environment as a moderator of cardiovascular responding during psychological challenge. Models and evidence from related behavioral sciences (Psychometric Theory and Social Psychology, respectively) have provided useful guidance for this work. Relevant background and current data examining the measurement and determinants of cardiovascular reactivity are reviewed, with a focus on these multidisciplinary contributions. The implications of the work for the construct of reactivity and its possible role as a marker of disease risk are discussed.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb02023.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe development and validation of an event‐related potential (ERP) memory assessment procedure is detailed. The procedure identifies learned material with high rates of accuracy, whether or not subjects give intentional responses indicating they had previously learned it. Because the traditional analysis of variance approach fails to provide probabilistic conclusions about any given individual, Bayesian posterior probabilities were computed, indicating the probability for each and every person that material was learned. The method was developed on a sample of 20 subjects, and then cross‐validated on two additional samples of 20 subjects each. Across the three samples, the method correctly defined over 94% of learned material as learned, and misclassified 4% of the unlearned material. Additionally, in a simple oddball task performed by the same subjects, the method classified rare and frequent material with perfect accuracy. Finally, combining two implicit behavioral measures—mean reaction time and the number of incorrect responses—in Bayesian fashion yielded classification accuracy that actually exceeded that of the ERP‐based procedure overall, but the two methods provided identical accuracy in classifying the most critical material as r

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb02024.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTEvent‐related brain potentials (ERPs) and autonomic nervous system (ANS) responses to occasional pitch and rise‐time changes in a task‐irrelevant auditory stimulus repeating at short intervals were measured while the subject performed a difficult intellectual task (Raven Matrices). It was found that deviant stimuli elicited the mismatch negativity (MMN) component of the ERP even when they elicited no ANS response. There was no significant difference in the mismatch negativity between trials in which the skin conductance response was or was not elicited. The pitch deviant tone also elicited heart rate deceleration, whereas the rise‐time deviant tone tended to elicit a later heart rate acceleration. Neither heart rate change correlated with the mismatch negativity. The pattern of results obtained suggests that the mismatch negativity is generated by an automatic discrimination process associated with the cerebral events initiating the orienting response to stimulus change, but does not necessarily lead to the orienting response elicitation. Longer‐latency ERP components tended to show slight covariation with ANS responses. The P3 was larger when a skin conductance response was elicited than when it was not elicited. Further, heart rate change trials tended to be accompanied by larger slow waves than trials with no heart rate response. Heart rate acceleration trials were accompanied by a larger slow parietal positivity and a smaller frontal negativity than were heart rate decelerati

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb02025.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb02026.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis experiment examined individual differences in the temporal location of heartbeat sensations and the reliability of their detection. Following practice on a familiarization task in judging lighttone simultaneity, 50 subjects were studied for two sessions on a heartbeat detection task, which required judging the simultaneity of heartbeat sensations and tones presented at six intervals following the onset of ventricular contraction. Subjects inspected the heartbeat‐tone intervals as frequently and for as long as desired before choosing the one in which heartbeat sensations and tones were most simultaneous. The temporal locations of heartbeat sensations in subjects classified as “good heartbeat perceivers”(n = 16) ranged from 131 and 363 ms following ventricular contraction (mean = 228 ms). Correlations between the familiarization and heartbeat detection tasks in the accuracy of simultaneity judgments and in the frequency and duration of interval inspections suggest that general perceptual abilities and strategies may underlie success in detecting heartbeat sensa

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb02027.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe mismatch negativity, isolated as a component of the event‐related brain potential elicited by deviant auditory stimuli, was suggested by Näätänen (1984) as an indirect measure of the inferred neuronal representation of standard stimuli. The purpose of the present study was to determine the duration of the neuronal representation by varying the interstimulus intervals of 1, 6, and 10 seconds within experimental blocks. Mismatch negativities were found to be elicited by deviant stimuli (1500‐Hz tones, sequential probability 10%) following standard stimuli (1000‐Hz tones) with interstimulus intervals of 1, 6, and 10 s as well. The results suggest a duration of neuronal representation of at least 10 s. The within‐block variation of interstimulus interval, the rather low temporal probability of deviants, and their large frequency deviance might explain the present results contradicting earlier findings that suggested a shorter duration of that neuronal repr

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb02028.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTBecause previous work found that sustained inhibitory breathing (i.e., low frequency breathing without increased tidal volume) can occur in laboratory animals under conditions of behavioral stress, this study sought to determine whether a comparable respiratory pattern could be observed in ambulatory human subjects in their natural environments. Tidal volume, breathing frequency, and minute ventilation were monitored continuously during 24‐hour sessions via inductive plethysmography and a portable microprocessor. Mean tidal volume and minute ventilation were significantly higher during the daytime than at night for all subjects. However, mean breathing frequency was not consistently higher during the daytime, because episodes of low frequency breathing offset episodes of high breathing frequency. Tidal volume during low frequency breathing was comparable to that observed during medium or high frequency breathing. Thus, low frequency breathing was indicative of low minute ventilation. The eliciting stimuli, physiological concomitants, and relevance to health of this energetically inefficient breathing pattern remain to be determine

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb02029.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe present study investigated whether subjects with a positive family history of hypertension would display differential responses in blood pressure and heart rate across different laboratory tasks. We also wanted to know whether subjects would display stable within‐subject responses across different laboratory tasks. Twenty‐three family history positive subjects and 23 with a negative family history participated in three tasks: 1) mental arithmetic, 2) a conversation about the weather (low affect task), and 3) a conversation about a recent upsetting, interpersonal event (high affect task). Positive family history was associated with elevated diastolic resting blood pressure and greater diastolic responsivity overall. For both groups, arithmetic was associated with the greatest heart rate changes, whereas the distressing conversation was accompanied by the greatest diastolic blood pressure response. Stability of cardiovascular activation across different tasks was present only for heart rate; it was weak for diastolic blood pressure, and completely absent for systolic blood press

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb02030.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb02031.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe present study investigated the temporal structure of sleep propensity during 48 hours using an ultrashort 7‐min sleep/13‐min wake cycle. Eight subjects were tested under two experimental conditions of either attempting sleep, or resisting sleep after a monitored night in the laboratory. Electrophysiological recordings were carried out during the 7‐min trials. The temporal structure and the overall level of sleepiness of the 48‐hour sleep propensity functions calculated from the amount of total sleep in each trial revealed a high within‐subjects stability. This was found both across the two days of the study within conditions, and across conditions. Also, diurnal levels of sleepiness were systematically related to nocturnal sleep parameters. Subjects having short nocturnal sleep latencies and higher sleep efficiencies slept more during the day. It is proposed that the structure and level of the sleep propensity function can be used to characterize individuals along two dimensions of somnotypology: “morningness‐eveningness” and

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb02032.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY