摘要:

ABSTRACTThe purposes of this investigation were to contrast the cardiovascular responses of sons of hypertensive and normotensive parents to tasks involving cognitive and isometric challenge, and lo examine the relationship of individual differences in heart rate (HR) reactivity to baseline blood pressure (BP) measurements. Thirty‐six male, undergraduate volunteers (18 with and 18 without a parental history of hypertension) were scheduled for two, 1‐hr experimental sessions (Days I and II). On Day 1, HR and BP measurements were obtained while subjects performed each of three laboratory tasks: a difficult test in concept formation, serial subtraction, and a sustained handgrip at 30% of maximum voluntary contraction. Each task lasted 3 min and was preceded by a 3‐min baseline interval. On Day II, subjects were instructed to relax quietly while baseline measures of HR and BP were recorded. Relative to sons of normotensive parents, offspring of hypertensives exhibited higher mean Systolic BPs during all task periods; no corresponding group differences were observed on either Day I or Day II baseline recordings. Unlike SBP, Diastolic BP measurements did not vary reliably by parental hypertensive/normotensive status. Although the mean HRs of sons of hypertensives were significantly higher than in offspring of normotensives, these differences obtained uniformly across both the baseline and task intervals. Among subjects identified as High HR reactors during the two cognitive tasks, sons of hypertensive parents exhibited Day II baseline SBPs about 9 mmHg higher than did subjects without a parental history of hypertension. Among subjects identified as Low HR reactors, baseline SBPs did not differ reliably between sons of hypertensive and normotensive pa

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1982.tb02571.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTCardiac output was measured by dye dilution in rhesus monkeys (n = 9) during rest and classical aversive conditioning. A 1‐ min tone (followed by unavoidable electric shock) served as the conditional stimulus (CS +). Cardiac output was determined at approximately 30 sec before and after onset of CS +. Conditional increases in mean blood pressure (78± 11 to 84±11 mmHg. average±SD) and heart rate (145±23 to 166 ± 31/min) were associated with a significant (p<.01) increase in cardiac output (1.32 ± .25 to 1.69±.51 L/min) and decrease in total peripheral resistance (60.8 ± 13.7 to 53.1 ± 14.8 mmHg/L/min). There were no significant changes in these variables during a different tone (CS‐) which was never followed by shock. Infusion of radio‐labeled microspheres (5 monkeys) at 25‐30 sec after CS + onset revealed a conditional increase (vs resting control) in flow to the diaphragm and certain other skeletal muscle; myocardial blood flow was not increased at this time. Flow decreased to the kidney, liver and pancreas. Elimination of the conditional increase in blood How to skeletal muscle following administration of propranolol (3 monkeys) suggests that the redistribution of cardiac output during “stress” may involve an active adrenergic vasodilation in t

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1982.tb02572.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1982.tb02573.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTCommon approaches to the analysis of response generalization are reviewed and related to muscle tension conditioning. Both theoretical and empirical considerations favor the position that generalized EMG responding decreases as training proceeds.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1982.tb02574.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIn rejoinder to Kotses and Glaus' critique of O'Connell and Yeaton (1981), several points of disagreement are discussed. These include the relationship between covariation and response generalization and the limitations of an operant conceptualization of EMG relaxation training.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1982.tb02575.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTForty‐eight normotensive subjects underwent one of four training conditions: Transit time plus stress (TTPS), Transit time minus stress (TTMS). False feedback plus stress (KF), and a stress only Control (C). In the first session, all subjects received an arithmetic stressor but without training. In the second and third sessions, subjects received training appropriate to their conditions. The TTPS and FF groups received arithmetic stressors prior to the transit time training, whereas the TTMS group rested prior to training. Training in the TTPS and TTMS groups consisted of beat‐to‐beat pulse transit time feedback. During the training period the FF group received bogus feedback. In the fourth session, all subjects received the stress‐or followed by instructions to lower blood pressure (increase transit time). No feedback was available. Significant transit time decreases occurred in response to the stress in all groups during the first session. However, in the fourth session, the TTPS group showed virtually no transit time decrease during the stressor, while the remaining three groups continued to show significant transit time decreases to the stressor. It was concluded that self control over the subjects' reactivity to the arithmetic stressor had occurred in the transit time plus stress group. This effect did not appear to be due solely to either repeated exposure to the stressor or to learned control via feedback training. Rather, the effect seemed to result from the combination of exposure and t

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1982.tb02576.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTTwo experiments are reported which test the hypothesis that heart rate increases will be seen in response to monetary incentives during performance on a continuous motor task. In the first study, heart rate was significantly higher when subjects were paid 2ø for each success feedback compared to subjects who received feedback only. In contrast, there was no effect of varying the probability of success (10% versus 90% success). Study 2 replicated the monetary incentive effect on heart rate, this time employing 100% success feedback. In neither study were subjects' response rates significantly affected by monetary incentive. In addition, control groups responding much faster on the task as a result of making it more predictable did not show increased heart rate. Consequently, these incentive effects are difficult to explain with a cardiac‐somatic coupling interpretation. It was concluded that cardiac acceleration does occur in response to monetary incentives, even in the absence of failure feedback, and it was proposed that this incentive effect reflects the activation of an appetitive motivational system. Possible applications of the assessment of appetitive responses are suggest

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1982.tb02577.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTPrevious demonstrations of monetary incentive effects on heart rate during a continuous motor task were extended by employing different magnitudes of incentive: 0¢ (feedback only), 2¢, and 5¢ per response. The influence of the total amount of monetary incentive for the experiment was examined by providing monetary incentives either for only 2 trials or for all 5 trials. This procedure also provided an evaluation of the effect on heart rate during the later trials of discontinuing the incentive after 2 trials. The results showed a clear and graded effect of the amount of incentive per response, but no significant effects were obtained for the total amount of incentive, in spite of providing subjects with clear feedback as to how much money they could expect. Discontinuing incentives produced a significant decrease in heart rate, compared to subjects who continued to receive incentives.No effect was found for the magnitude of incentive on the rate of responding on the motor task, rendering unlikely an explanation for the results in terms of cardiac‐somatic coupling. Also, any possible contribution to the heart rate results from frustrative nonreward feedback was eliminated by avoiding any suggestion of failure feedback on the task. It was concluded that the effects are attributable to the incentive value of the monetary reward and that they are large enough to be of considerable inte

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1982.tb02578.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe relationship between cardiovascular activity and the brain was explored by recording visual evoked potentials from the occipital regions of the scalp during systolic and diastolic pressure (Experiment I) and during fast and slow heartbeats at systolic and diastolic pressure (Experiment II). Visual evoked potentials changed significantly as heart rate and carotid pressure fluctuated normally, and these changes were markedly different in the right and left cerebral hemispheres. Evoked potentials recorded from the right hemisphere during various cardiac events differed significantly, whereas those recorded from the left did not. In both experiments, differences in the right hemisphere were due primarily to the P1 component, which was larger at diastolic than at systolic pressure. The present findings are consistent with formulations from behavioral studies suggesting that baroreceptor activity can influence sensory intake, and suggest that hemispheric specialization may play an important role in the relationship between cardiac events, the brain and behavior.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1982.tb02579.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis study examined the relationship between behavioral awakening as Indicated by motor responses and electroencephalographic (EEG) measures of awakening as reflected by the duration of alpha (8‐12 Hz) activity.Young adult males were monitored polygraphically as they slept in the laboratory for three successive nights. They were instructed to press a button three times whenever they awakened from sleep. Latency from the appearance of alpha activity to subsequent button‐presses was determined.Mean latency to button‐press across subjects, nights, and sleep stages was 6.54 (±4.38) sec. Differences In latencies as a function of prior sleep stage or night of the study were not statistically significant. It is concluded that the amount of alpha activity preceding behavioral acknowledgement of an awakening is somewhat less than that required to constitute wakefulness by conventional scoring s

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1982.tb02580.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY