摘要:

ABSTRACTThe acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) pandemic has highlighted the need for safeguards against the inadvertent transmission of infectious disease in the psychophysiology laboratory. These Guidelines identify factors contributing to the risk of bloodborne disease transmission to subjects or technicians, and recommend procedures to minimize such risk, given current knowledge and techniques.The lowest risk is associated with the application of devices, such as surface electrodes, to non‐abraded, intact skin. Such devices should be clean, but do not require disinfection.The potential risk of infection is higher when surface electrodes are applied to non‐intact skin. Abrasion, or other breaks in the skin, can allow seepage of blood products carrying such pathogens as hepatitis B virus and the human immunodeficiency virus that causes AIDS. Thus electrodes require high‐level disinfection before reuse on non‐intact skin. In addition, technicians should wear gloves during skin preparation and should abrade the skin no more than necessary, using only sterile, preferably non‐sharp materials.The highest risk is that associated with items that enter sterile tissue, such as subdermal electrodes and the needles and lancets sometimes used in skin preparation. Such items must be sterile at the time of use and must be handled with extrem

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb01676.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTPsychophysiological responses to imagery of self‐relevant illness threats were examined for high and low extreme groups of hypervigilants and health care utilizers. Heart rate, skin conductance, and respiration were the physiological measures recorded; self‐reports of perceived illness vulnerability, negative affect, image clarity, and image realness were the psychological measures obtained. Responses to neutral, exercise, and illness threat scenes were compared. Hypervigilants showed an increased heart rate response to imagery of illness scenes, whereas all other groups returned more quickly to baseline levels. The results are similar to those reported by Lang for snake phobics. They also lend some support to Horowitz's theory of intrusive imagery, in which self‐relevant, anxiety provoking events tend to continuously intrude upon one's thoughts, and this intrusive imagery was reflected cardiovascularly. There could be several possible underlying mechanisms for these fin

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb01677.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTWe assessed whether instrumentally‐learned pressor responses inhibit electrocortical acitivity, as predicted by learning theories of idiopathic hypertension. Subjects received beat‐by‐beat feedback for increases and decreases in mean arterial pressure measured from the finger (Peñáz method). Slow potentials were recorded from the midsagittal line during the final training session. Also recorded at this time were heart rate, eye movements, respiration, and post‐session verbal reports of the subject's control strategies. Thirteen of 14 subjects differentiated blood pressure increases and decreases atp<.05 or better during the final session (within‐subject discriminative operant procedure). Slow potentials were less negative on blood pressure increase compared to decrease trials at all midsagittal sites (p<.02), indicating relative cortical inhibition by pressor responses. This effect occurred even though subjects reported tensing of muscles on increase trials (p<.01), a behavioral activity previously associated with augmented rather than diminished cortical negativity. On increase trials slow potentials shifted toward positivity just prior to heart rate deceleration (the latter effect confirming activation of the bar

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb01678.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb01679.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTTo study physiological and psychological effects of baroreceptor activity, the cervical neck cuff technique has been frequently used to stimulate the carotid baroreceptors mechanically. Using this technique, no satisfying control conditions to date have been available.Because the carotid stretch receptors are sensitive not only to the pressure level, but also to the rate of change, it is possible to manipulate the receptor firing through changes in carotid pulse amplitude. The device described here relies on the application of short changes in cuff pressure tied to different phases withing the cardiac cycle (phase related external suction (PRES)). A brief external suction during systole has potent stimulatory effects on baroreceptors whereas the application of the very same pressure pulse during diastole inhibits the firing burst associated with the pulse wave. To allow an ongoing period of stimulation, a sequence of alternating negative/positive pressure pulses is applied. In the stimulation condition, the R‐wave of the electrocardiogram triggers a negative pulse which is followed by a positive one during diastole. In the control condition this relationship is reversed.Two experiments are reported confirming different baroreceptor effects of the two conditions. PRES allows for blind or double‐blind experiments to investigate effects of baroreceptor activity on physiology and behav

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb01680.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb01681.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTStudies on the predictive value of stress testing in the laboratory for the reaction to real‐life stress have shown equivocal results. The variety of laboratory tasks differ for unknown reasons in their predictive power, and the results vary unsystematically among the physiological parameters measured. Most studies have focused on the prediction of ambulatory levels of blood pressure. Many other influences, besides stress, however, influence ambulatory levels. Therefore, a better operationalization of real‐life stress is to measure a person in a resting position during a period of well defined real‐life stress. The present study investigates whether the difference in ability of laboratory stress tasks to predict real‐life stress values is due to the different type of physiological response they induce. Hence, in the present study a more detailed measurement of the stress response was performed. A second question was whether stress testing would add to the prediction of the real‐life stress reactions above the prediction based on resting levels. This question was answered for both cardiovascular and catecholamine reactions to laboratory tasks. Two active coping tasks, one inducing a mainly cardiac‐sympathetic reaction and the other a relatively more vascular response, and a cold pressor test were administered to 33 healthy young males. Real‐life stress consisted of the anticipation of the public defence of the PhD thesis. Tasks indeed differed in predictive power, but this was not a function of the type of response they induced. The heart rate responses to a reaction time task and the heart rate and diastolic blood pressure reaction to the cold pressor test added significantly to the prediction of real‐life blood pressure levels and responses above the prediction on the basis of pretask baselines. The data suggest that the predictive value of the heart rate and blood pressure response to the cold pressor for the real‐life blood pressure response is due to noradrenergic reactivity as the common mechanism. Because mental tasks were not superior to the cold pressor in predicting the response to real‐life stress, it is concluded that it does not matter what kind of laboratory stressor is used for this purpose, as long as it adequately triggers a common physiological mechanism. The urine‐catecholamine reaction to the series of tasks was unrelated to the rise in catecholamines due to t

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb01682.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTA method developed by Grassberger and Procaccia allows estimation of the dimensional complexity of the state‐space attractor of a time series. Saturation of dimensional‐complexity estimates with increasing values of embedding dimension is considered a strong indication that the time series is governed by deterministic chaos. The present investigation employed the Grassberger‐Procaccia method to estimate EEG dimensional complexity in a multi‐subject, factorial experiment. Twelve subjects were tested under two no‐task conditions (eyes closed and open), with the block of two conditions being repeated four times. EEG was recorded from the nineteen 10‐20 loci. Dimensional complexity declined across Blocks 1‐3 and then leveled off, and was higher in the eyes‐open than in the eyes‐closed condition. Condition also interacted with locus in that the increase in dimensional complexity associated with opening the eyes was greater over occipital loci. Comparison with the results of Fourier analysis indicated that a similar but not identical pattern of effects was obtained for alpha (8‐12 Hz) power. Further, across the entire data set, if alpha power exceeded a value of about 70 μV2, demensional complexity was uniformly low, a finding in concert with previous results indicating that the eyes‐closed, occipital alpha rhythm possibly represents deterministic chaos of re

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb01683.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb01684.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis study investigated the effect of food ingestion on motion sickness severity and its physiological mechanisms. Forty‐six fasted subjects were assigned either to a meal group or to a no‐meal group. Electrogastrographic (EGG) indices (normal 3 cpm activity and abnormal 4‐9 cpm tachyarrhythmia) and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) were measured before and after a meal and during a subsequent exposure to a rotating drum in which illusory self‐motion was induced. The results indicated that food intake enhanced cardiac parasympathetic tone (RSA) and increased gastric 3 cpm activity. Postprandial effects on motion sickness severity remain equivocal due to group differences in RSA baseline levels. During drum rotation, dysrhythmic activity of the stomach (tachyarrhythmia) and vagal withdrawal were observed. Furthermore, high levels of vagal tone prior to drum rotation predicted a low incidence of motion sickness symptoms, and were associated positively with gastric 3 cpm activity and negatively with tachyarrhythmia. These data suggest that enhanced levels of parasympathetic activity can alleviate motion sickness symptoms by suppressing, in part, its dysrhythmic gastric underp

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb01685.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY