摘要:

ABSTRACTAnalysis‐of‐variance models are presented for use with autonomic data. Applications are illustrated for experiments where either single variable or multiple variable autonomic recordings are obtained. The analysis provides a test of significance for both transient responses to a stimulus and the more sustained effects that persist for some time. Consistency and stability of idiosyncratic reaction patterns are expressed by intraclass correlation coefficients. Multiple group comparisons are suggested as a method of evaluating differential reaction patterns induced by separate stressors. Three independent dimensions of autonomic activity are isolated by analysis of variance: sustained activity, reactivity, and nonspecific variability. IndividualSs can be assigned scores on each dimension, and these scores can be processed by multiple regression procedures to predictSs’ performance on other behavioral tasks or personality s

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1967.tb02750.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis study investigated the effects of cognitive tasks and verbalization instructions on heart period (HP) and skin conductance (SC). Two tasks (imagining common scenes and solving mental arithmetic puzzles) were used to test the hypothesis that conditions requiring attention to internal processess (rejection of the environment) are accompanied by cardiac acceleration and SC increases. Each type of task was administered under three instruction conditions: no verbalization, later verbalization and concurrent verbalization. It was found that the imagination task was associated with no significant changes in HP or SC unless theSwas preparing to talk or actually talking. Mental arithmetic resulted in cardiac acceleration and SC increase even when no verbalization was required; however, this result is perhaps due to the covert verbalization inherent in the process of solving mental arithmetic problems. Both later and concurrent verbalization also produced significant increases in physiological activation during the arithmetic task. The findings of this study do not support the notion that conditions requiring rejection of the environment are associated with specific physiological changes. Rather the changes are generally attributable to the verbalization requirement. The effects of instructions requiringSto verbalize later are interpreted as due to either a motor set phenomenon or fear of being evaluated while talking.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1967.tb02751.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTResting skin potential level scores from three samples, two of undergraduates and one of housewives, were analyzed for normality of distribution. The first two samples showed no significant departure from normality. The third showed some significant positive skewness. In general, it was concluded that resting level scores were sufficiently normal not to require transformation for statistical analyses.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1967.tb02752.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTOperant conditioning of the human parotid salivary response was attempted in order to bypass some of the difficulties encountered in classical conditioning procedures. Spontaneous, unstimulated parotid saliva was collected from two groups of human subjects under two reward conditions. One group was rewarded for salivary peaks, defined as an increase in on‐going salivary rate to a criterion of 3 drops/5 sec; the other was rewarded only at times of non‐peaking or minimal salivation. A significant increase in the number of peaks was found in the “peak reward” group, hut there was no change in salivary rate in the “non‐peak reward” group. The data demonstrate salivary conditioning in human subjects by means of operant rew

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1967.tb02753.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis study investigated (a) the covariation between skin conductance and skin potential levels and (b) the correspondence between the negative component of the skin potential response (SPR) and concurrent skin conductance response deflections (SCR) during periods of rest and activity. The study was restricted to the protocols of 10 femaleSs who manifested predominantly the negative component of the SPR during both periods. During rest periods, the results showed a positive correspondence between conductance and potential levels, and between the negative component of the SPR waves and concurrent SCR deflections. However, under conditions of active motor performance, the correspondence of levels was near zero and much lower between the negative and concurrent SCR deflections. It is suggested that an epidermal factor may be exerting its effects differentially during periods of passivity and activity.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1967.tb02754.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTAn operant discrimination procedure was used to determine whether human subjects show shifts in palmar skin potential response rate under varying schedules of reinforcement. In Experiment I, a monetary reinforcer was either given or subtracted on a short fixed ratio schedule during alternating 5‐min periods. In Experiment II, the schedules alternated between 10‐min periods in which either a variable ninnber of responses or long interresponse times were reinforced. Each experiment consisted of seven subjects tested over several sessions. The results indicated differences in response rates consonant with changes in the scheduling of reinforcement. Concurrent recordings of respiration, heart rate, and skin potential level showed that the reinforcement effects were generally specific to the skin potential response varia

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1967.tb02755.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTSkin conductance levels (SCLs) and skin resistance responses (SRRs) were recorded bilaterally from the plantar aspect of the halluces in 10 patients with functionally complete transections of the cervical or thoracic spinal cord. Compared to a group of neurologically intact individuals, SCLs were significantly lower in patients. Fewer nonspecific SRRs were observed in patients than normals, and responses between the halluces were asynchronous in patients. It was demonstrated that SRRs could be reliably elicited by electrocutaneous stimulation to a foot in some of the patients. Responses were more frequently elicited in the foot which was stimulated than in the contralateral foot.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1967.tb02756.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe writer has proposed (Benjamin, 1963) that the criterion for a score linearly independent of initial level be that the score have no correlation with initial level. The criterion makes analysis of covariance (anacova) the method of choice for undoing LIV. This paper reviews miscellaneous artifacts said to be associated with anacova and finds that none of them precludes this procedure.Some presumed artifacts considered are: that rxdis “… so complexly constituted that it does not allow simple interpretation” (Lacey and Lacey, 1962); that anacova can cause a loss of valuable information (Heath and Oken, 1965); that anacova introduces an artifactual association with final level (Heath and Oken, 1965); that LIV as measured by anacova techniques can be an artifact of whether resistance or conductance happens to be chosen (Hord, Johnson, and Lubin, 1964); that the use of anacova in (clinically important) instances where groups are defined by a fixed variable is sure to vitally violate its assumptions (Lubin,

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1967.tb02757.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe transcephalic DC potential is a maintained and functionally significant voltage recorded over the frontal and occipital emissary vein distributions on the midline of the scalp. Two possible sources for the potential are considered, cortical and cutaneous, and the latter is rejected on empirical grounds as the main voltage source. From consideration of the electrical properties of bone and of the blood, a path of least resistance is described, linking the cortex and the scalp. On the basis of this circuit pathway, a number of specific hypotheses are derived concerning the relative potentials, polarities and resistances to be found over regions of the cortex, skull and scalp and these predictions were found to be consistent with experimental results. These findings greatly strengthen the probability that the cortex is the main generator of the TCDC potentials, but also indicate that certain other structures probably modulate the circuit as well by acting as variable resistances.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1967.tb02758.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTSkin resistance, sweat‐gland counts, salivary flow, gastric secretion, and pH were measured in volunteers and patients of both sexes, Negroes and Caucasians. Correlational analysis suggested two negatively related clusters: (A) salivary flow, sweat‐gland counts, and gastric secretion; and (B) age, skin resistance, and pH. Skin resistance was higher in Negroes than Caucasians, and in females than males, increasing irregularly with

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1967.tb02759.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY