摘要:

ABSTRACTFour monkeys were presented with 10 sec tones which terminated with shocks. The tones were immediately terminated without shock if the animal's diastolic blood pressure rose above a criterion level and remained high for 1 sec. Termination of the tone was followed by a 5 sec time out. Trials began whenever the pressure dropped below the criterion level. All subjects learned the avoidance task, showing diastolic elevations of up to 60 mm of mercury in response to the tones. A linear relationship was seen between the minimum pressure required for avoidance and the pressure achieved. No change in blood pressure accompanied a second stimulus which was never paired with shock. A fifth control monkey was yoked to one of the experimental monkeys and simultaneously received all shocks and tones as determined by the blood pressure of the experimental animal. The yoked control showed no pressure changes to the tones, but normal pressure elevations to shock.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1969.tb02905.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTRespiratory amplitude (RA) and respiratory rate (RR) parameters were examined in student subjects (Ss) following stimulation with five intensities of sound and five intensities of light. AllSs completed the MMPI and were then divided into high and low ego strength (Es) groups on the basis of their scores on the Barron scale. These groups were balanced for alertness‐drowsiness by EEG criteria. High EsSs responded with a greater increase in RA than low EsSs and there was a strong trend for high EsSs to respond less than low EsSs in RR. Both RA and RR increased following stimulation with the greatest changes following greater intensities of stimulation in both modalities. Light induced a greater increase in RA and RR than soun

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1969.tb02906.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe auditory evoked response was measured between the vertex and left ear in 9Ss. In an extension of the idea of the recovery function, series of tones, including sets of 5 tone pips with ½, 1, or 2 sec between them, and 11 sec between sets, were presented, whileSs were instructed to press a button whenever there was a change in tone length. Because of the slow recovery of this response, no subtraction procedure was necessary. There were 6 runs representing 6 experimental conditions for eachS.Habituation within runs was not observed, but there was significant habituation between rims in spite of a constant vigilance level. The evoked responses to the second and subsequent stimuli of each set were much smaller than to the first, depending on the interstimulus interval within sets. Evoked responses to 65 db stimuli were less than to 85 db, but showed proportionally the same changes with successive stimuli

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1969.tb02907.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTA sec‐by‐sec analysis was made of heart rate (HR) responses of children receiving an auditory stimulus pattern at either a moderate (70 db) or a loud (95 db) intensity. Only an initial deceleration to the first 70 db stimulus significantly departed from prestimulus level. The first 95 db pattern produced two components which statistically differed from prestimulus level: an initial deceleration and a sustained later deceleration. Differential habituation effects occurred at the two intensities with stimulus repetition. The only significant response to subsequent presentations of the 70 db tones was HR acceleration and this response showed complete habituation, whereas significant HR deceleration occurred with repetition of the 95 db tones. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that a nonfamiliar stimulus will produce an orienting reaction (OR) and HR deceleration. Furthermore, the differential stimulus repetition effects indicate that loud tones may disrupt the process of HR habituation seen to moderate intensity tones, and produce a decelerative response which is resistant to habituat

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1969.tb02908.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe adult heart rate (HR) response was studied in 18 male subjects following a series of 10 tones and 10 light flashes. Both stimuli were of moderate intensity (54 db and 8.0 ml) and had rise times of 30 milliseconds. The tone evoked a predominantly acceleratory response and no decrement with repetition. Initially, the light flash evoked a predominantly deceleratory response which changed to one of acceleration as the stimulus was repeated.Analysis of respiration revealed that an increase in rate and amplitude followed both stimuli and that the magnitude of respiratory changes did not diminish with stimulus repetition. Viewed according to Sokolov's criteria for identifying orienting, defensive, and adaptive responses the results support the conclusions that: (1) HR deceleration is a component of the orienting response; and (2) HR acceleration is neither an orienting, defensive, nor adaptive response but is largely secondary to respiratory changes. On the basis of the evidence, a tentative model of the HR response to simple auditory and visual stimuli is offered.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1969.tb02909.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe major purposes of this study were to test the effects of altering the typical home sleeping arrangement on subsequent laboratory sleep, to determine the nature of transient disturbances in EEG sleep patterns of habitual good sleepers, and to explore sex differences in sleep patterns of married couples.Twenty‐eight married good sleepers slept three consecutive nights in the laboratory under both sleep‐with‐spouse and sleep‐alone conditions. Continuous EEG and eye movement recordings were obtained throughout the seven hour bed period.Analyses of variance showed a significant increase in the amount of Stage 4 sleep and a significant decrease in REM sleep under the sleep‐alone condition. Transient changes in sleep patterns of good sleepers were not associated with the usual correlates of poor sleep. Sex differences showed females with significantly more Stage 4 sleep, more total sleep, and fewer awakenings.It was concluded that the typical home sleeping arrangement may be a significant subject‐selection variable in sleep and dream research. The major findings were discussed within the framework of a cortical homeostasis

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1969.tb02910.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTForty‐eightSs received 10 repetitive 1‐sec light presentations at either 5 or 25 foot candles (ft c), followed by a switch on Trial 11. After approximately 2 months the experiment was repeated. Of 34Ss who correctly described the stimulus change on initial testing, only 18 gave a (GSR) OR. On retest, mostSs retained their characteristic response, but previously responsive 25 → 5 ft c.Ss became non‐responsive on Trial 11. There were no differences between OR‐responders and non‐responders to Trial 1 flash though responders subsequently took longer to habituate and made more ORs overall. There was no difference in base admittance (BAL) increase following initial onset of stimulation, but OR‐responders subsequently showed a continuing BAL rise while nonresponders returned to resting levels. The OR is not an automatic accompaniment to perceptible stimulus novelty. A 2‐stage process was hypothesized in triggering an OR, stressing the role of cognitive‐motiv

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1969.tb02911.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe phasic cardiac changes of two groups ofSs were compared, with one group performing a reaction time task and the other a time estimation task. The cardiac changes of the two groups were very similar with both groups showing deceleration shortly before they made their motor responses. The reaction time task group showed this to a greater extent than the time estimation group. It was concluded that the anticipatory deceleration observed under reaction time conditions is not wholly attributable to the direction of attention.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1969.tb02912.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTDreams of six subjects with postencephalitic complete loss of memory for recent events were compared to dreams of control subjects with intact memory. The incidence of dreams decreased with the memory defect. Furthermore, the dreams were shorter, simpler, reality bound, lacked daily residue and emotional depth, and followed secondary‐thought‐type logic. They were stereotyped and repetitious. Instead of symbolically elaborated new attempted solutions for recent conflicts, these dreams contained the memory of events the subjects experienced before the onset of the memory defect. In each instance, the remembered event once offered a relief for a physiological need, similar to the one that precipitated the dream. Assuming that the mechanism of dreaming remains intact in these subjects with permanent memory loss for recent events, the results suggest that dreams of subjects with intact memory combine two processes: 1) a sensory stimulus of internal origin (e.g., an organic need) may serve as a decoding signal resulting in retrieval of an old memory trace; and 2) processes connected with perception and encoding the memory of recent events contribute the daily residue and the newly created symbolic elaboration of the daily residue, and old memory traces under an emotional imp

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1969.tb02913.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTA system has been presented which allows the presentation of either true galvanic skin responses (GSRs) or false GSRs to a recorder viewed by a subject (S). Transistor circuitry is used to produce a double RC circuit using a common capacitor with two variable resistors which control the time constants of the rise and decay of a pulse such that it reflects changes in time of a true GSR. An attenuator controls the proportion of true resistance change of theSwhich is passed through or added to the response of the false feedback generator. This provides a means of projecting to theSeither completely false GSR responding, completely true GSR activity, or a mixture of both. A record of the true responses of theSis obtained by a second recorder viewed only by the experimenter.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1969.tb02914.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY