摘要:

ABSTRACTEmotion‐provoking visual stimuli were presented to college undergraduates identified as anhe‐donic or normal, based on their scores on the Physical Anhedonia Scale (Chapman, Chapman,&Raulin, 1976). The affective stimuli (35 mm color slides) were chosen to elicit a wide range of both positive and negative emotion, with emotional response assessed through affective judgments, viewing time, and monitoring of a variety of physiological systems (heart rate, skin conductance, and facial musculature). The experiment was successful in demonstrating differential emotional response in the two subject groups; anhedonic subjects reported a less positive response than control subjects to positive and neutral stimuli and showed no association between heart rate and the emotion content of the slides. Paradoxically, activity in the muscles of facial expression was greater in anhedonic than control subjects during the presentation of both positive and negative slides. No between‐group differences were noted in the viewing‐time measure. The results are discussed in the context of Lang's bioinformational theory of human emotion (Lang, 1984

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb02036.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTTwo experiments investigated phasic and tonic electrodermal responding to long, variable‐duration stimuli in aversive conditioning procedures. Experiment 1 demonstrated reliable differential conditioning on both phasic (first interval response, FIR) and tonic (change in skin conductance level, δSCL; spontaneous fluctuations) measures, using 10–40‐s slides as conditioned stimuli (CSs) and electric shock as the unconditioned stimulus (UCS). Experiment 2 examined the sensitivity of phasic and tonic measures to UCS aversiveness. Both FIR and δSCL were greater to a conditioned stimulus paired with shock than one paired with an innocuous reaction‐time warning tone. Responding was reversed when the reinforcement contingencies were reversed. It was suggested that, with long duration CSs and an aversive UCS, phasic measures to stimulus onset, such as FIR, may reflect both stimulus significance and threat appraisal, whereas tonic measures reflect primarily arousal or anxiety arising from anticipation of the aversive unconditioned

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb02037.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTRecent experimental research suggests an association between negative affect and potentiation of the human startle reflex, as well as enhancement of this effect among fearful compared to low fear subjects. In the present study, 32 undergraduates were selected for high or low total Fear Survey Schedule scores. Acoustic startle probes were presented while subjects received warned presentations of aversive and neutral photographic slides. High fear but not low fear subjects showed potentiated short‐latency cardiac acceleration and blink magnitude, and reduced blink latency, during aversive compared to neutral slides. These results support the hypothesis that affective modulation of startle is enhanced among high fear compared to low fear subjects. Considered in the context of prior findings, the results suggest that this individual difference effect generalizes across psychophysiological components of the startle reflex and diverse procedures for manipulating affec

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb02038.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb02039.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTPavlovian heart rate and eyeblink conditioning were simultaneously assessed in human subjects. Tone durations of 0.6, 1.1, and 2.1 s were employed in separate groups of subjects as the conditioned stimulus. A 100‐ms corneal airpuff, which served as the unconditioned stimulus, overlapped the last 100 ms of the tone in each group, thus producing interstimulus intervals of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 s. Other groups of pseudoconditioning subjects received explicitly unpaired tone and airpuff presentations of identical durations but in a pseudorandom sequence so that they never occurred together. The best eyeblink conditioning was observed in the group with the .5‐s interstimulus interval, although the 1.0‐s group also demonstrated some evidence of eyeblink conditioning. The group with the 2.0‐s interstimulus interval showed a lower overall rate of conditioned response occurrence and the highest rate of pseudoconditioned responding. The conditioned heart rate response in all three conditioning groups consisted of cardiac decelerations, but tone‐evoked cardiac accelerations were observed in the pseudoconditioning groups. The magnitude of the cardiac deceleration was comparable in all three conditioni

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb02040.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb02041.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTPreviously, we reported enhanced P3 amplitudes to between‐category deviations among high and low probability events. Here, we tested the effects of a within‐category difference. Subjects performed a go/no‐go button press task as they viewed repeated, randomly‐ordered presentations of nine double‐digit numbers. Eight numbers fell within a prescribed range (42–49, standards); prior to testing, subjects selected one standard number for later recall. A ninth, out‐of‐range (91, deviant) number was also included. Subjects were tested under two conditions, in which they responded either to one (low response probability) or to seven (high response probability) standard nonselected numbers, designated as targets. Relatively larger P3s were consistently apparent only when the deviant nontarget was associated with a low probability response to a nontarget. There was a selective effect of nontarget response probability on P3 amplitude to the deviant nontarget. Our results indicate that within‐category deviation detection is facilitated by “controlled”attention to the structure

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb02042.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb02043.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTWe recorded event‐related potentials while subjects performed a category membership decision task. The stimuli were words of high and low frequency of occurrence in written English, and each was presented four times. The experiment was intended to explore the interaction of word frequency and multiple repetition on the event‐related potential, and thence to investigate the possible loci in time of the effects of these variables. First presentations of low and high frequency words evoked event‐related potentials which differed in the presence, in the low word frequency waveforms, of a right‐hemisphere dominant negativity peaking at 400 ms. This negativity was very similar to the N400 which may be sensitive to the semantic relations among words in a sequence. Initial repetition diminished this midlatency difference, but gave rise to both earlier and later frequency‐related differences. Subsequent multiple repetition abolished the early frequency‐related repetition effect, but did not affect amplitudes in the region of N400, nor did it abolish a late positivity, present only for repeated low freq

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb02044.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTCollege‐aged subjects performed 35 trials of an easy or difficult digit‐recognition task. Half were told that a good performance would ensure a high chance of avoiding a blast of noise, and half were told that a good performance would ensure a low chance of avoiding the noise. Results indicated that heart rate and systolic blood pressure reactivity were higher in the difficult condition than in the easy condition only when the probability of avoiding the noise (given success) was high. When the probability of avoiding the noise (given success) was low, heart rate and systolic responsivity were low regardless of task difficulty. It also was found that (1) performance quality was poorer overall among difficult subjects than among easy subjects, and (2) that the difference in performance quality between the easy and difficult groups was somewhat (not significantly) greater in the low‐probability conditions than in the high‐probability conditions. Major findings are considered in terms of Obrist's reasoning regarding the psychophysiological consequences of active coping and a motivational model by Brehm, which specifies conditions under which individuals will be more and less task

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb02045.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY