摘要:

ABSTRACTPreliminary findings from an on‐going study of monozygotic twins reared apart (MZA) and data from a larger sample of twins reared together (MZT and DZT), indicate a surprisingly strong influence of genetic variation on aptitudes, psychophysiological characteristics, personality traits and even dimensions of attitude and interest. For some of these variables, MZT and MZA twins show high intra‐class correlations while DZT twins are no more similar than pairs of unrelated persons. It is suggested that such traits are “emergenic,” i.e., that they are determined by the interaction—rather than the sum—of genetic influences. Emergenic traits, although perhaps strongly genetic, will not tend to run in families and for this reason have been neglected by students of behavior genetics. For this and several other listed reasons, wider use of twins in psychological research is strongly

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1982.tb02489.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1982.tb02490.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTAge differences in autonomic nervous system response patterns were investigated to determine if there was an age‐related increase in the tendency to respond to multiple stimuli with a consistent response hierarchy (individual consistency). Five stimuli were administered in a Latin Square design—mental arithmetic, cold pressor, isometric exercise, comic slide, and time estimation. A warning tone was presented before each stimulus. Physiological measures included heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, skin potential, breathing rate, and digital blood flow. To compare responses in different systems, responses were standardized according to the formula, Z = [50 + 10 (X − M)]/σ, where Z is the standardized score, X is the difference between stimulation and warning levels, M is the average response for that system, and σ is the square root of the mean square for error from the analysis of variance computed for each response system. A matrix was generated for each subject which included his Z scores from the six response systems for the five stimuli. Intraclass correlations were then computed. Individual consistency significantly increased with increasing age (r= .33,

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1982.tb02491.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1982.tb02492.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe morphology and scalp distribution of slow negative potentials elicited in type I conditioning, requiring no instruction, were studied. The paradigm involved the presentation of a conditioned stimulus (S1), followed 1500 msec later by an unconditioned stimulus (H), the electrical stimulation of the popliteal nerve evoking an ankle jerk (Hoffmann reflex).Our topographical data showed that two components develop in the interstimulus interval S1‐H: a large fronto‐central early component followed by a late centro‐parietal negative component which precedes the H‐reflex movement. This negative shift terminates abruptly in a positivity post‐H‐reflex.These anticipatory components show similarities, particularly at the parietal site, to slow waves elicited in a CNV paradigm involving the presentation of an indicative stimulus (S1) followed by an imperative stimulus (S2) requiring an operant motor response.These results are discussed in terms of conditioning, arousal, and early preparatory and time estimatio

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1982.tb02493.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis study addressed the relative contributions of self‐regulated heart rate change and belief that heart rate is changing in an instructed direction to the perception of cold pressor pain. Forty male volunteers were each assigned to one of four combinations of increase or decrease heart rate instructions and increase or decrease feedback conditions. Subjects were given an initial 45‐sec cold pressor test, 25 feedback trials, and a final cold pressor in which they were told to change their heart rate in the instructed direction, but without the aid of feedback. Subjects were instructed specifically that increased heart rate was associated with increased pain and decreased heart rate with decreased pain. The veridical groups (consistent instructions and feedback) showed appropriate heart rate changes during biofeedback training and parallel changes in heart rate and pain perception during the final cold pressor. The non‐veridical (reverse) feedback groups showed no heart rate change during biofeedback training and no relationship between heart rate and pain perception changes during the final cold pressor test. EMG, respiration, and skin conductance data are presented, and several mechanisms are proposed to explain the physiological and subjective ch

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1982.tb02494.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe present study tested the hypothesis that 12‐yr‐old sons of alcoholic fathers will evidence an excess of fast EEG activity. Such sons have been shown to be at high risk for alcoholism. In this study, EEGs were recorded on a sample of 265 subjects who had been selected to maximize risk for deviant behavior (children of schizophrenics and children of psychopathic or character disordered parents) or selected as controls (children of normal parents). The sample included 27 children of alcoholic fathers and 258 children of non‐alcoholic parents. The hypothesis was confirmed, suggesting that the biological risk for alcoholism in sons of alcoholics may relate to biological factors predisposing to alcoh

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1982.tb02495.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTCardiovascular, plasma catecholamine, and behavioral effects of control over aversive events were studied in 87 Type A and B male adults. Subjects performed a choice reaction time (RT) task during which they received loud noise bursts and/or electric shocks on designated trials. About half of the cases were told they could avoid noise and shock by attaining a predetermined criterion of RT speed (Contingency). The remaining half were instructed that noxious stimulation would be delivered randomly, irrespective of their performance (No Contingency). Half of the cases in each treatment were exposed to high frequency of aversive stimulation (High FAS), whereas the remaining half received low frequency of such stimulation (Low FAS). Within Contingency, High and Low FAS were designed to signify failure and success, respectively. Aversive stimulation in No Contingency was gratuitous and, therefore, did not convey information about performance. Relative to No Contingency, the Contingency treatment induced greater increases in RT speed, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and plasma epinephrine. Differential FAS did not potentiate these differences. It also was found that the Type A subjects had higher systolic blood pressure and heart rate responses than Type B's. The prediction that Contingency (particularly with High FAS) would elicit greater physiologic and behavioral hyperresponsiveness in A's than B's received some support in the data for RT speed and plasma NE. Findings were discussed in terms of sympathetic activation of hemodynamic changes under conditions of active coping. Consideration was given to the role of the sympathetic nervous system and Type A behavior in cardiovascular disease.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1982.tb02496.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTEEG activity within the alpha, beta II and 40 Hz bands was monitored during periods of problem solving and non‐problem solving. Concomitant 40 Hz EMG activity was also monitored to show a dissociation between it and 40 Hz EEG activity. Twenty‐four right‐handed subjects were used. Results indicate that during problem solving there is a reduction in activity within the alpha and beta II bands relative to non‐problem solving periods. Within the 40 Hz EEG band there was increased activity over the hemisphere assumed to be maximally engaged in the problem solving task. Activity within the 40 Hz EMG band showed bilateral increases during problem solving. It was also found that 40 Hz EMG activity made little, if any, contribution to 40 Hz EEG a

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1982.tb02497.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1982.tb02498.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY