摘要:

ABSTRACTAt an initial session groups of Ss either were (1) correctly informed of the response to be controlled, HR, and given visual feedback of it, or were (2) correctly informed of the response but given no feedback, or were (3) incorrectly informed of the response and given feedback of HR, or were (4) not informed of the response and given feedback of HR. At a second session half of the misinformed and uninformedSs were correctly informed. Trials on whichSs were to raise and to lower HR were both given.Between group comparisons generally supported the proposition that correct knowledge of response facilitates learning to lower HR when given external feedback. Results on raising HR, although generally indicating the facilitative role of correct knowledge of response, were not as consistent as those for lowering.Within group comparisons showed trends for correct knowledge of response to improve HR control. Further within group comparisons of raise HR and lower HR trials consistently showed thatSs who knew the correct response and received feedback of it, achieved control of HR, whereas those who were misinformed or who received no feedback did not achieve control.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1974.tb00542.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTFifteen male subjects (Ss) were studied once each week while on a sleep regime of 5 1/2 hrs of sleep a night for 60 days. The electroencephalogram and electro‐oculogram were recorded in the laboratory once each week. Performance was measured each week using the Wilkinson Vigilance Task, the Wilkinson Addition Test, and a word memory test, and grip strength was measured using a hand dynomometer. The Zung Depression Scale and the Gough Adjective Check List were used to measure mood. TheSs completed a sleep log on a daily basis.The effect on sleep of the restricted regime was to initially increase the absolute amount of stage 4 sleep. But by the 5th week of the study the stage 4 amount decreased to near baseline levels. The initial effect on REM sleep was to sharply reduce this type of sleep when compared with baseline values. During the course of the experiment there was a REM deprivation of some 25% of baseline values and 30 min in absolute amount. During the course of the experiment the latency to the onset of the first stage 4 and the latency to the first REM period were reduced.Only the Wilkinson Vigilance Task showed a decline in performance associated with continued restricted sleep. The sleep logs revealed that initially theSs experienced difficulty in arousing from sleep in the morning and felt drowsy during the day, but these effects did not continue throughout the experiment. The mood scales showed no changes associated with continuing to sleep 5 1/5 hrs a night. These findings suggest that a chronic loss of sleep as much as 2 1/2 hours a night is not likely to result in major behavioral consequence

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1974.tb00543.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTOccipital EEG alpha (8‐13 Hz) was recorded separately from the right and left hemispheres of 26 right‐handed subjects during analytic (verbal and numerical) tasks, spatial (imagery) tasks, a music task, and a hypnotic susceptibility scale. An alpha laterality score was derived by computing the percent difference in the amplitude of alpha in the two hemispheres. This laterality score was significantly different between the analytic and spatial tasks, and between an eyes‐open baseline and an eyes‐open measurement during hypnotic amnesia. Because the spatial tasks used in this study are considered “easier” than the analytic or music tasks, the role of task difficulty provides some ambiguity in interpretation.Highly hypnotizable subjects showed significantly more alpha activity (compared to low hypnotizables) in all conditions (both outside hypnosis and within it) except for the eyes‐open baseline and the eyes‐open measurement following the release of amnesia. No differences were found between low‐ and high‐hypnotizables in the laterality measure. This suggests that the lateral asymmetry of alpha is a function of task rather than of any particular cognitive style that may characterize the hypnotically susceptible. That high hypnotizables showed higher amplitudes of alpha, however, suggests that the overall production of alpha may be positively related to the particular cognitive style that characterizes the person who is able to experience

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1974.tb00544.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTFive subjects (Ss) were trained to raise and lower their heart rates over a number of operant conditioning sessions. Geometric forms were superimposed upon the conditioned stimuli during the final operant training session. For the conditioning trials,Ss detected significantly more tachistoscopic stimuli during heart rate deceleration trials than during heart rate acceleration trials. During extinction trials, there were no differences in tachistoscopic recognition between acceleration and deceleration trials. The results are discussed in terms of Lacey's hypothesis concerning the instrumental effect of heart rate change on environmental attention.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1974.tb00545.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe effect of visual stimuli on salivary secretion was studied in 200 young, healthy volunteers. Saliva was collected without visual stimuli and during projection of control (abstract) and food colored pictures.No significant difference in salivary flow was found between rest and food collections. However, a significantly lower rate was found during exposure to abstract pictures.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1974.tb00546.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTAn experiment is described which was designed to test the hypothesis that brief visual stimuli would not be perceived when they occurred during certain phases of the EEG alpha rhythm. The results agreed with the hypothesis. It was concluded that the alpha rhythm is a correlate of the activity of a ‘neuronic shutter' which periodically prevents the reception or processing of visual information by the brain.The procedure used was such that there was no necessity for the subjects to pay attention to the stimuli; indeed, efforts were made to avoid such attention. This methodology was thought to be of importance in obtaining a positive resul

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1974.tb00547.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTBilateral differences in the diameter of the two pupils, anisocoria, has been associated with everything from beri beri to psychological trauma. The one common finding in most studies dealing with anisocoria is the increased psychophysiological variability of this population. A neurological model is proposed explaining both the anisocoric condition and increase in autonomic variability. The model suggests that deficiencies in the ascending bulbar inhibitory system reduce tonic control of the medial reticular activating system and may be implicated in the etiology of anisocoria. The portions of the nervous system implicated are those reported by Lacey (1967) to be involved in “directional fractionation.” It is suggested that the anisocoric individual may provide a ready made “lesioned” sample with which to compare normal subjects. At the very least anisocoria represents another example of bilateral autonomic asymmetry. Possible research in this area is di

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1974.tb00548.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe importance of contingency factors implies the contingency prediction: that if CS+:CS‐ discrimination is obtained in a two‐groups design where the control CS‐ stimulus for the two groups, respectively, is arranged to have a negative (nCS‐) CS‐US contingency (so‐called “explicitly‐unpaired” CS) and a zero (zCS‐) CS‐US contingency (so‐called “truly‐random” CS), then discrimination in the nCS‐ group will exceed that in the zCS‐ group. This implication was tested and disconfirmed for the electrodermal skin resistance response in three 5‐sec delay‐conditioning experiments (N = 48, 32, and 16, respectively), and for plethysmographic digital pulse‐volume change in an 8‐sec delay‐conditioning experiment (N = 48). Since both the discrimination manipulation (CS+ vs CS‐) and, in one experiment, a distraction manipulation (presence vs absence of a distraction task) were shown to be effective, while the contingency manipulation (nCS‐ vs zCS‐) had no autonomic effects in any of the experiments, it was concluded that while contingency factors as represented by the difference between nCS‐ and zCS‐ have an obvious logical significance, in human autonomic conditioning, the nCS

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1974.tb00549.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTSubjects (Ss) who viewed a clock for 6 min while awaiting receipt of an electric shock showed significant changes in HR and SC; these indices did not change significantly forSs who could not observe the clock. Analyses of responses to the delivery of shock revealed thatSs in the No Clock group demonstrated greater increases in HR and SC than didSs in the Clock group. Differences in HR within I min following shock were observed between the Clock and No Clock groups. It was suggested that rather than mediating fear arousal per se the external cue facilitated coping with the impending event.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1974.tb00550.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe transcephalic direct current potentials are slowly changing voltages measured between specified diploic‐emissary vein distributions on the intact surface of the scalp. Significant correlations have been found between these voltages and various psychological functions which appear consistent with the functional properties of the subjacent cortex. In an effort to specify the location of the source of these potentials, virtually every conceivable voltage generating tissue and structure of the head was studied for its dc voltage effects both under maximal stimulation and maximal inhibition (i.e. surgical ablation or chemical inactivation). Structures studied were: the various layers of the scalp itself; scalp sweat glands; the nervous and vascular supply of the scalp; the structures of the orbit; the muscular distribution of the head; the skull; the meninges; and finally the vascular supply of the cortex and the cortex itself. It was found that no structure played any significant dc generating role except the cortex. It was also possible to demonstrate a cortex to scalp circuit pathway which runs principally within a centrifugally running intravascular system. It appears warranted to conclude that transcephalically measured direct current potentials are generated by the corte

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1974.tb00551.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY