摘要:

ABSTRACTThis paper analyzes the role of autonomic activity and its perception in the experience and expression of emotion. A series of experiments is described in which an objective methodology for the assessment of heartbeats is developed and used to test a variety of hypotheses about the relationships among heartbeat perception, arousal, and emotion. The data indicate that there are substantial individual differences in the ability to learn to detect heartbeats. Primary among these individual differences is gender–males appear to learn the discrimination more readily than females. Further, when arousal is induced either by physical or psychological stimuli, accuracy of heartbeat detection is increased. The accuracy of heartbeat detection is also related to self‐report of affective experience, and may be subserved by functions of the right cerebral hemisphere. The role of cardiodynamics in heartbeat perception is also discus

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01573.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01574.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe relationship between skin conductance (SC) recovery time and stimulus meaning was investigated. Previous research has shown that a strong relationship between prestimulus electrodermal activity (prior activity) and recovery time makes it necessary to control prior activity before the relationship of recovery time and stimulus meaning can be evaluated properly. In this study prior activity was controlled by experimental design. We examined the effects of stimulus meaning on skin conductance recovery time and amplitude in 55 teenage and young adult subjects in a continuous performance paradigm. Tones were presented monaurally to left and right ears. Subjects were required to make a pedal press after any tone in the left or right ear that followed a right‐ear tone. Recovery time was computed for left‐ear and right‐ear tones not requiring a press because they had been preceded by a left‐ear tone. SC recovery was longer for signal (right‐ear) than for nonsignal (left‐ear) tones with the effects of prior SC activity and amplitude removed. These findings replicate those of a pilot study (Janes, 1982). We conclude that stimulus significance can affect SC recovery time and that in this paradigm differences in prior SC activity cannot account for the recovery time differenc

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01575.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01576.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTA survey is presented of techniques which transform heart‐rate variability data into a signal that is both visually informative and accessible for analysis. The Instantaneous Heart‐Rate (IHR) signal is introduced, i.e. the signal having the value of the heart rate (inverse interbeat interval) during the interval concerned. The IHR signal differs from the standard Delayed Heart‐Rate (DHR) signal, which is always one beat late. The relationship is discussed between the different representation methods and the Integral Pulse Frequency Modulation (IPFM) model, the latter being a physiologically plausible model for the transformation of a continuous input signal (e.g., nervous influence on the cardiac pacemaker) into a series of events (heartbeats). It is shown that when the IHR signal is used as input of the IPFM model, the event series from which the signal was derived appears at the output. Hence, if the IPFM model is accepted as a model of the pacemaker, the IHR signal may be considered as an approximation of the neural (sympathetic and parasympathetic) influence on the pacemaker. In addition we show that the appearance of the IHR signal is less affected by trigger errors or extrasystoles than the standard DHR signal. It is concluded that the most attractive time‐domain representation of physiological event series consists of the IHR signal, because this signal, being conceptually and computationally simple, is consistent with the IPF

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01577.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01578.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTSubjective, persistence/attention, precision, and cognitively demanding measures were obtained across two nights' sleep deprivation to compare the performance of 50–59 and 18–22 yr old men. The younger subjects had the larger subjective decrements while the older subjects had the larger decrements on the persistence tasks. The results were mixed on the precision and cognitively demanding ta

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01579.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTFinger pulse volume (FPV) biofeedback, relaxation training (RT), and finger temperature (FT) biofeedback were compared for their effectiveness in the alteration of hand temperature (HT). It was hypothesized that the use of FPV, a more direct measure of peripheral blood flow, should be more effective in producing hand warming than the demonstrably latent FT or the less direct RT manipulation. No significant difference in HT alteration was found between the two biofeedback training groups and neither the finger temperature nor finger pulse volume biofeedback groups were more successful than the relaxation training group in the alteration of HT. No significant differences were found in the alteration of FPV among the three groups. A major finding of this study indicates that all groups produced a significant inverted U training function across trials for both FT and FPV. In all cases, rapid learning was demonstrated in the early trials followed by a decline toward baseline in the later trials. These findings are discussed in terms of the role of strategy formation, frustration, saturation, and the limitations of the physiological learning process.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01580.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe aim of the present research was to study individual response specificity in 22 male patients having essential hypertension (HT) and to compare these patients with age‐matched male normotensive controls (NT). Four stimuli, letter identification, mental arithmetic, cold pressor and isometric exercise, were administered while recordings were made of: systolic and diastolic blood pressures, heart rate, respiration, forearm and hand blood flows, and skin conductance level and fluctuations. After each session urine samples were collected and epinephrine and norepinephrine levels were analyzed. Twelve subjects in the HT group were given beta‐adrenergic blocking agents and retested 1 to 21 months (X̄= 12 months) after the first session. Each response was standardized, using NT as the reference group. Intraclass correlations were computed to evaluate whether HT males reacted with a more consistent hierarchy of responses than did NT. Intraclass correlations were significantly higher among the patients than in the control group, regardless of whether the blood pressure response was included or excluded in the computation of the intraclass correlations. Thus, we conclude that male HT patients show more individual response specificity than NT controls. Beta‐adrenergic receptor antagonists reduced levels of cardiovascular activity and attenuated reactivity but did not affect amount of specificity. Thus, intraclass correlations provide unique and useful information, since they are not related to blood pressure reactivity or to urinary catecholamine levels, nor affected by beta‐adrenergic

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01581.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTResidents of the area surrounding the Three Mile Island (TMI) nucelar power plant and from a control location 80 miles away participated in a longitudinal study of response to the venting of radioactive gas from the damaged reactor. Four assessments (including one prior to the venting, one during the venting, and two post‐venting) were made using a battery of biochemical, performance, and self‐report measures. Relative to demographically matched control subjects, TMI subjects exhibited higher levels of stress on each mode of this battery. While perceived threat and task performance remained constant during the four assessments for TMI subjects, symptom reporting and urinary catecholamine levels decreased after the krypton gas venting. Since these data were collected more than 17 months after the reactor accident, the findings suggest that the venting procedures had specific acute effects on chronic problems being experienced by TMI subjects, but no global effect across all measu

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01582.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY