摘要:

ABSTRACTBehavioral genetic techniques have been developed to study the genetic and environmental contributions to individual differences in behavior, including covariances between different types of behaviors and stability of behaviors. Several studies have shown that certain psychophysiological characteristics appear to have heritable components. Therefore, it would seen appropriate that behavioral genetic techniques should be generalized for application to psychophysiological data. After reviewing general behavioral genetic methodology, this paper summarizes classical and new biometrical genetic techniques for both univariate and multivariate analyses, suggesting how these techniques are appropriate for the study of psychophysiological data and the relationship between psychophysiological variables and behavioral measures

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01596.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTHeart rate, plus various metabolic and ventilatory indices, were monitored while 20 young male subjects were exposed to a video game and a stressful mental arithmetic task. Measurements were also made while subjects undertook graded isotonic exercise. All measures changed as a function of psychological challenge, and during exercise physiological activity increased as an orderly function of workload. For each subject, heart rate was plotted against oxygen consumption over the various exercise loads. For the majority of subjects the analogous data points for the video game and mental arithmetic lay reliably above the exercise heart rate‐oxygen consumption regression lines. When these regression lines were used to predict heart rate values during psychological challenge, the predicted values were significantly less than the values actually recorded for both tasks; although the discrepancy between predicted and actual values was on average greater with mental arithmetic, the difference was not statistically reliable. Pre‐stressor baseline conditions were also associated with heart rate levels greater than predicted, albeit to a lesser extent. Finally, while both stressors produced heart rate adjustments additional to expectancies, inter‐task consistency wa

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01597.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01598.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTNine subjects participated in a long ISI, trace conditioning paradigm. Tone CSs, at three different frequencies, signaled that a loud noise UCS would occur with either a .17, .50, or .83 probability. Subjects were instructed on the CS‐UCS contingencies. To avoid effects of differential motor preparation, two button presses were required on each trial. Button presses were signaled by lights, one second after the point at which the UCS would occur. EDR was recorded from the nonpreferred hand; EEG was recorded from the Czand Pzsites. Only responses to the CSs were quantified. For the EDR, the first interval response was largest at the .83 UCS probability level. The CNV was more negative at the .50 UCS probability level than at the .17 and .83 UCS probability levels across the ISI. An early component of the CNV was also most negative at the .50 UCS probability level, and was larger at Czthan at Pz. A late CNV component did not differ significantly among UCS probability levels. It was concluded that the EDR and CNV reflect different properties of the associative process between paired stimul

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01599.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01600.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe effects of physical exercise and sleep deprivation on mood and cognitive performance were studied in 12 healthy young male volunteers deprived of sleep on two occasions. During the first 60‐hr period without sleep, half of the subjects walked on a treadmill at 25–30% of their maximum aerobic capacity (Exercise condition) for 1 out of every 3 hrs while the remaining 6 subjects remained physically inactive (No Exercise condition) during that same hour. Eight weeks later the same 12 subjects underwent an identical sleep‐deprivation protocol except that those who were previously inactive exercised, while those who previously exercised remained inactive. Throughout the sleep deprivation periods, subjects in both conditions completed subjective assessments of fatigue, sleepiness and mood every 3 hrs, performed an auditory vigilance task every 6 hrs, and completed a cognitive test battery every 12 hrs. The results revealed clear decrements in mood and performance as a function of sleep loss. However, with the exception of somewhat more long reaction times in the Exercise condition, exercise neither increased nor decreased the impairment induced by sleep depriv

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01601.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe present study contrasted physiological response patterns occurring when subjects coped passively and actively with aversive stimuli. In one condition, 29 healthy young men were exposed to unpredictable noise (115BA) and shock (3.5 mA) with no means of control, and in the other they attempted to avoid the noise and shock with rapid keypresses. Both tasks were characterized by maximal uncertainty as to locus of presentation, chance of occurrence, and type of stimulus to occur next in sequence. Dependent variables included: reports of moods, reaction times, muscle tension, plasma concentrations of free fatty acids, cortisol and catecholamines, heart rate, blood pressures, systolic time intervals, cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, and an index of myocardial contractility. Both experimental conditions produced significant neuroendocrine, lipid, and cardiovascular changes from baseline. The active avoidance procedure produced further increases in cardiac function which were related to control efforts as indexed by muscle tension and task performance. The results point toward the effects of effort in the face of uncertainty in determining the patterns of response to aversive stimulation.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01602.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe present paper suggests a method to neutralize individual differences in skin conductance responsivity. The method suggested is a standardization of the responses within individuals. This method was compared to the range correction transformation suggested previously. The comparison was based on data from two experiments which evaluated differences between electrodermal responses to relevant and neutral stimuli in information detection tasks. In the first experiment the range correction transformation used the maximal skin conductance response evoked by the subject to one of the regular stimuli presented in the information detection task. The second experiment included responses to unpleasant tones and the range correction transformation was defined as the skin conductance response evoked by the subject to a given stimulus, divided by the response to the unpleasant stimulus. A bootstrap analysis was carried out on five data sets gathered from the two experiments, to statistically compare the transformations. In all cases standard scores better discriminated relevant and neutral stimuli, than range corrected scores. The advantage of standardization was much more salient in the second experiment, where only standard scores produced a statistically significant difference between strong and weak experimental conditions. The analysis demonstrated that the advantage of the method of standard scores is related mainly to its reliance upon the mean, which is a more stable and reliable statistic than the maximal response.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01603.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe present study was conducted to test Brener's calibration theory of visceral learning. It was hypothesized that training in discrimination of cephalic vasomotor responses would enhance acquisition of voluntary and biofeedback control of cephalic vasomotor response. Four groups were given discrimination training to detect either constriction, dilation, both constriction and dilation, or given false feedback. All groups were then given biofeedback training in constriction. All groups were assessed on discrimination accuracy, acquisition of biofeedback control of constriction, and voluntary control of dilation and constriction.The results indicated that discrimination of cephalic vasomotor responses can be learned and that this skill facilitates the acquisition of biofeedback and voluntary control of vasomotor responses. This facilitation occurs only if discrimination training is given for the specific response to be learned. The data suggest that discrimination of the relevant response is a necessary but not sufficient condition for acquisition of voluntary control in biofeedback learning.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01604.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTSeveral models of hemispheric specialization have been used to explain asymmetries in facial actions. This study measured the asymmetry of several different muscular actions individually, alone and in combination, and under different eliciting conditions. The findings did not fit any of the theoretical models. In the deliberate actions, some of the asymmetries were lateralized with greater intensity on the left side; others, on the right side. Spontaneous actions were more symmetrical than the deliberate, requested actions. We rejected specialization for emotion as a cause of the facial asymmetry observed, and discussed the weaknesses of other models.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01605.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY