摘要:

ABSTRACTConditional heart rate responses were measured for field‐dependent and field‐independent subjects. The conditional stimulus (CS) was a colored light and the unconditional stimulus (US) was an electric shock delivered to the finger. The CS‐US interval was 10 sec. The field‐independent subjects demonstrated an initial cardiac acceleration followed by a cardiac deceleration, whereas the field‐dependent subjects showed only the cardiac deceleration. When these data are compared with the previously reported galvanic skin response (GSR) data, a model of sympathetic‐parasympathetic reactivity is evolved wherein the field‐independent group shows both conditioned sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic activity, while the field‐dependent group shows only parasympa

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1966.tb02686.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTWhen the CS‐US interval is longer than the latency of an autonomic response, multiple responses are obtained both during and after the CS‐US interval on acquisition test or extinction trials. Certain terminologic, methodologic and conceptual problems concerning this multiple response phenomenon are outlined. A nontheoretical and, we hope, unambiguous terminology is presented. Methodologic problems concerning multiple‐response measurement, between‐ and within‐ subject designs, trace and delay paradigms, intramodal and intermodal paradigms, and incompleteness of data presentation are discussed. It is felt that empirical analysis of the multiple response phenomenon will have important ramifications for our understanding of autonomic behavior in the classical conditioning

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1966.tb02687.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTBasal skin resistance (BSR) and galvanic skin responses (GSR) to five intensities of sound and light were recorded on four occasions in 32 student subjects (Ss). These occasions were assumed to include unfamiliarity and basal and real life stress conditions. AllSs completed the MMPI, California Personality Inventory, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Clyde Mood Scale and Examination Anxiety Scale. GSR amplitude was greater under conditions of unfamiliarity, alertness (by electroencephalographic criteria), and higher intensities of stimulation in both stimulus modalities. It was not greater during the presumed stress period. High ego strength‐high Barrier scoreSs showed a greater GSR amplitude than low ego strength‐low BarrierSs. Test indices of anxiety generally were not related to GSR amplitude, nor were other personality and mood variab

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1966.tb02688.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe association between α‐blocking and improved reaction times (RTs) has not been consistently demonstrated in past studies. The possible importance of the preparatory interval (PI) in this relationship has not been totally assessed, and it was felt that further exploration of this variable would help to explain the discrepancies. RTs were measured in two experiments, each using different types of stimuli and different PI durations. In the first, 4 PIs, 0.5‐, 3.0‐, 6.0‐, and 15.0‐sec, were used in a regular and irregular series. The warning signal was a 400‐cps tone; the stimulus, a 1000‐cps tone. In the second. PIs were 0.50‐, 0.75‐, 1.00‐, and 1.50‐sec; the stimulus was a single flash from a photo stimulator. EEGs were recorded simultaneously from the parieto‐occipital region. Both peak‐to‐peak amplitude measures and subjective ratings of α‐activity were made prior to the onset of the warning signal and the stimulus. The results did not support earlier findings of a relationship between α‐blocking and RT. However, RT and α‐blocking were each

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1966.tb02689.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIn structured interviews, 26 adult males with spinal cord lesions at varying levels were asked to compare certain of their emotional feelings before and after injury. The investigator, himself a paraplegic, knew all subjects well. The major findings follow.1Significant decreases in experienced feelings of anger, sexual excitement, fear, and an over‐all estimate of change were found.2A significant increase in feelings of sentimentality was reported.3Although spinal cord lesions decrease some emotional feelings, overt emotional behavior may continue to be displayed.4Support was offered for the belief that disruption of the autonomic nervous system and its afferent return causes notable changes in experienced emotional feelings. A trend was noted which suggests that the more extensive the disruption, the greater the decrease in some emotional feeling

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1966.tb02690.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis study demonstrates the distortions introduced into the electro‐oculographic record as a function of choice of recorder time constant. Controlled waking eye movements were simultaneously recorded on five separate channels from the same pair of nonpolarizable Ag/AgCl electrodes. Time constants for these channels were DC, 3 sec, 1 sec, 0.3 sec, and 0.1 sec. Results indicate that eye movement recorded through short time constants cannot differentiate between rapid eye movement and saccadic components of slow eye movements, cannot follow slow smooth eye movements, and cannot show the position of the eyes when they are not in motion. The use of DC coupling makes it possible to record these three classes of events faithfull

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1966.tb02691.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTStatistical analysis of baseline nocturnal EEG profiles identified two groups ofSs (a restless and quiet set) who differed in their performance efficiency under acute sleep deprivation. The restless group with less slow‐wave sleep, more body movements, more awakenings, more transitions from stage to stage, and longer sleep latencies showed greatest sleep‐loss decrement. On the first night of recovery sleep, the sleep profiles of the two groups were virtually identical, but by the third recovery night, the restless group was again showing signs of disturbed sleep. Within each group, allSs had highly systematic stage‐of‐sleep cycles, forming Markov chains of at least or

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1966.tb02692.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to see if heart rate (HR) slowing could be operantly conditioned. Ten experimentalSs and five yoked‐controlSs were studied. ExperimentalSs were positively reinforced for slowing their HR on a beat‐by‐beat basis, whereas yoked‐controlSs were reinforced in a pattern based on the performance of paired experimentalSs. The data showed that: someSs can be taught to slow their HR by means of an operant conditioning procedure;Ss appear to learn better when they do not infer correctly what the response is that they are controlling; the conditioned HR response is apparently not mediated by changes in breathing; and reinforcement, per se, is not adequate to l

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1966.tb02693.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTAn avoidance conditioning technique was employed to obtain external control over heart rate. A contingency was set up between heart‐rate maintenance and punishment avoidance. During periods of time signified by a visual stimulus, punishments were dispensed when the total number of beats per minute decreased from the previous minute's total.Subjects (Ss) performed an instrument‐panel‐monitoring task without awareness of the biological avoidance contingency, but they were correctly informed that shocks were available only when the visual stimulus was present. After punishments had been dispensed on the basis of the contingency for several periods, punishment was discontinued and the visual stimulus was used alone as a conditioned aversive stimulus, in order to shape predetermined response patterns.Results included: clear evidence of heart‐rate control over allSs after training periods; maintenance of heart‐rate control over continuous 40‐min periods through continuous presentation of the visual stimulus; and shaping and replication of three prespecified response patterns.These findings demonstrate that punishment avoidance contingencies can be used to impose effective control over cardiovascular

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1966.tb02694.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe present investigators were partly concerned with possible uses of electro‐oculography for studying the cognitive process in decision‐making situations involving nonneutral visual stimuli.Swas faced with receiving an electric shock if on critical trials he correctly reported (manually) the identity of the visual stimulus, or with escaping shock by incorrect reporting. Electrooculogram responses were ascertained to identify eye movements. The first study employed slit geometric figures as critical stimuli and nonslit figures as noncritical stimuli. The second study differed only in using blanks as critical and nonblanks (figures) as noncritical stimuli.The 80 males in the first study showed longer ocular latency, then greater ocular avoidance (narrower excursions) but longer stimulus viewing, then longer poststimulus viewing on critical compared to noncritical trials. The 25 males in the second study showed relatively greater ocular latency, then greater ocular avoidance and briefer stimulus viewing, then briefer poststimulus viewing on critical trials. Discrepancies between the two studies were discussed.The results clearly indicate the applicability of electrooculography for identifying phases of cognitive proc

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1966.tb02695.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY