ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb03098.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb03099.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe magnitude and rate of habituation of the skin resistance response (SRR) to extrinsic “right‐wrong” knowledge of results (KR) were used to assess the KR's motivational and informational properties in delayed matching of visual patterns. Two experimental groups of 20 college students each received KR which was either contingent or non‐contingent upon their actual choices, and two control groups of 10 subjects each received no KR. The magnitude of the SRR elicited was found to be higher to “right” than “wrong” KR stimuli but was not affected by correctness of the subjects' choices. The relative rate of SRR habituation was rapid when a low frequency of “right” KR stimuli was provided and the KR stimuli were not contingent upon the subjects' choices, but it was slow if either a high frequency of “right” KR stimuli were provided or the KR stimuli were contingent upon the subjects' choices. The results indicated that the KR stimuli had motivational properties but very little informational value. It was concluded that the SRR may be useful in assessing the reinforcing value of a feedback stimulus in terms of its motivational and informational qualities independently from its effe

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb03100.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb03101.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTSeveral important issues regarding overhabituation and its effects have been raised. Of particular interest are the effects of amount of overhabituation on responses during overhabituation, the existence of important individual differences in response frequency and amplitude during overhabituation, and the effect of varied amounts of overhabituation training and of stimulus intensity on test and dishabituation response amplitudes. In the present study, each of 108 subjects was randomly assigned to one of three overhabituation exposure conditions (60, 120, or 180 trials) and one of two auditory stimulus intensities (60 or 85 dB). After reaching a phasic electrodermal habituation criterion, each subject received the appropriate number of overhabituation presentations of the standard stimulus (SS), followed by a test stimulus and an additional SS (the dishabituation stimulus). Results showed significantly higher frequencies and amplitudes of electrodermal responses to tonal stimuli with increasing numbers of overhabituation trials, but no significant changes over trial blocks. Individual differences were found. Subjects in a group defined by numerous overhabituation responses showed slower habituation, larger responses and higher frequencies of nonspecific responses during overhabituation, and larger test responses. Finally, the amplitude of test responses increased with increasing length of overhabituation and with increased intensity.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb03102.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIn a sample of 32 adult subjects, we examined the relationship between amplitude measures of the visual evoked potential (VEP) and a subject's expectation that a stimulus would be either brighter or dimmer than the others in a series. It was found that when subjects expected a bright light flash, the VEP waveform changed in the direction associated with a stimulus intensity increase even though no actual intensity change occurred. Conversely, when subjects expected a dim light flash, the VEP waveform changed in the direction associated with a stimulus intensity decrease even though no actual intensity change occurred. The amplitude changes to the expected stimulus intensities occurred in specific VEP peaks and were related to the position of the stimulus in the sequence.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb03103.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb03104.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTRespiration and frontalis muscle activity were evaluated as mediators in the operant conditioning of systolic blood pressure (BP). Three groups of 7 normotensives received 5 training sessions with either: a) systolic BP feedback alone, b) systolic BP feedback plus respiration rate and volume feedback, or c) systolic BP feedback plus frontalis muscle activity feedback. Respiration and muscle feedback subjects were given BP feedback so that they might test various response strategies for BP control. Each session consisted of 5 training cycles, during which the subject was instructed to “lower” BP and then “don't lower” BP. This design demonstrated subjects' BP control, while eliminating extraneous factors as sources of BP change. Respiration feedback clearly enhanced acquisition of BP control, while frontalis muscle feedback was ineffective as a BP mediator. Respiration subjects slowed respiration rate and increased respiration volume when lowering BP. No other systematic physiological changes occurred in any group. Reflex instigation of BP lowering in the respiration group was improbable for a variety of reasons. It was concluded that while mediators may not be essential for response acquisition, they can serve to enhance autonomic self‐regulation. These findings have significant implications for hypertension treatment me

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb03105.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTConventional operant biofeedback methods have not generally been successful in producing large‐magnitude cardiac decelerations, whereas a Pavlovian approach using negative body tilt as an unconventional unconditional stimulus (US) has been reported to yield more promising results. The two experiments reported here employed this powerful (elicits decelerations of 35 bpm) new US in an “imaginational” form of Pavlovian conditioning wherein the conditional stimulus (CS), rather than being a conventional and simple one (e.g., tone or light), was the following complex event: the word “drop” to which the subject was instructed to drop his head back,imaginethe US, and, to help this imaginational process, to roll his eyes back. In Exp. I this complex CS was temporarily paired with the US at a .5‐sec CS‐US interval for 12 Experimentals, whereas for 12 Controls the same complex CS followed the US by 17 sec in a long backward‐control arrangement. The CS in the Experimentals yielded some 10 bpm decelerative responses relative to the 4‐bpm levels of the Controls, and during extinction (US omitted) the Experimentals' decelerations returned to the 4‐bpm level of the Controls. Exp. II assessed the possible contribution of the various motoric aspects of the complex “drop” CS by presenting 10 subjects with the same “drop” CSs, but omitting both the associated tilt USs and instructions to imagine the tilt. With these omitted, the “drop” CS produced no significant decelerations. Finally, a significant Experimental‐Control difference in Exp. I indicated that the deceleration training shows generalization or transfer to a situation where the subject is sitting up in a normal position ra

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb03106.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to examine effects on systolic and diastolic blood pressure due to availability and difficulty of control over anticipated aversive auditory stimulation. In a 2 × 2 factorial design, 44 subjects were presented either of two instructional sets regarding control: a) that exposure to the aversive stimulus would be contingent on the subject's performance at a cognitive task (Control), or b) that the stimulus would occur at random during the task period (No Control). The experimental task consisted of problems in concept formation and was presented to Control and No Control subjects at either of two levels of difficulty (Difficult or Easy); task success was manipulated by the experimenter to assure equivalent performance across groups. Results indicated that within the Task Difficult condition, Control subjects evidenced greater systolic blood pressure elevations than subjects in the No Control group, whereas Control and No Control subjects in the Task Easy condition showed no reliable differences. Diastolic blood pressure did not vary by control or task difficulty. It was concluded that the availability of control responses may induce greater arousal in situations involving threat of aversive stimulation, but that this effect obtains only when subjects experience some degree of difficulty employing available coping strategies

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb03107.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY