摘要:

ABSTRACTResearch in schizophrenia illustrates that the field of psychophysiology lies at the interface of clinical science, cognitive science, and neuroscience. Electrodermal abnormalities in schizophrenic patients have been found reliably across laboratories, and data reported here demonstrate that these abnormalities are at least partially dependent upon the clinical state of the patients. Both tonic and phasic electrodermal activity increased when schizophrenic patients entered into a psychotic episode, and preliminary evidence suggests that the increases may serve as early prodromal signs of an impending episode. Significance of the electrodermal abnormalities for understanding cognitive and attentional deficits is suggested by associations with secondary reaction time and startle blink probe findings. Neuroscience implications are highlighted by the correlation of the electrodermal abnormalities with regional brain metabolic activity indexed by positron emission tomography. An important task for the future is to interrelate measures from these various domains. The field of psychophysiology is particularly well positioned for this task.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1990.tb00378.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1990.tb00379.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis study examined cognitive determinants of the postimperative negative variation (PINV). a slow brain potential observable after the onset of an imperative stimulus in a forewarned reaction time task. Controllability of the aversive imperative stimulus by a motor reaction and predictability of the contingency were varied in a factorial design. The exogenous portion of the slow negative wave was assessed in a passive listening condition using tones of the same quality as the imperative stimuli. but presented without forewarning. Results show that PINV not only occurs when control is absent but also during unpredictably gained control. Similarly, unpredictable lack of control yields a more negative potential than continual helplessness. Negativity elicited by the aversive tone alone was not significantly different from PINV during predictable lack of control. The order of conditions, which was manipulated between groups, did not affect amplitudes. It was concluded that contingency change is a crucial cognitive determinant of the PINV, whereas the effect of lack of control is difficult to differentiate from the sensory influence of the acoustic stimulation.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1990.tb00380.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe association between aerobic fitness, exercise, and psychophysiological reactivity was assessed in cross‐sectional and prospective analyses. Seventy‐five healthy but sedentary adults carried out a sub‐maximal exercise test and easy and difficult problem solving tasks. Blood pressure, heart rate, skin conductance level, respiration rate, tidal volume, and oxygen consumption were monitored and additional heart rate was also computed. Differences between relatively fit and unfit individuals were found in respiration rate during tasks and in skin conductance level during post‐task recovery periods, with a tendency toward diminished heart rate reactivity in fitter people. Subjects were subsequently allocated to four conditions: high intensity aerobic training, moderate intensity aerobic training, an undemanding strength and flexibility program (designed as an attention‐placebo condition), and waiting list control. Training programs were conducted over a 10‐week period, and were followed by a second laboratory session. Appropriate changes in aerobic performance over the training period were observed in the 12‐min run/walk test. There were no important modifications in psychophysiological stress reactions associated with the different experimental conditions. These results are discussed in relation to the literature concerning the effects of fitness and physical activity on physiological resp

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1990.tb00381.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1990.tb00382.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIntense auditory stimuli of sudden onset evoke not only startle blinks but also an event‐related potential component resembling classic P300, even when subjects have no assigned task. To more closely examine the relationship of this P300 to startle, event‐related potentials and eyeblink were recorded from 16 young adults in three paradigms designed to produce wide variation in startle amplitude: an Habituation series of 30‐ms, 105dBA white noise bursts, a Duration paradigm which presented 105dB noise bursts for 3, 10, 30, or 90 ms, and a Rise Time paradigm which varied the rise/fall times (3, 15, 30, and 45 ms) of 110dBA, 1000‐Hz tone bursts. Subjects received two runs of each paradigm. Only on the final Duration and Rise Time runs were stimuli explicitly task relevant: on those runs subjects rated verbally, midway in each 8.4‐s interstimulus interval, the disturbingness of the prior sound.Although even the briefest noise bursts evoked parietal P300 as well as startle blink, P300 did not behave like startle, P300 habituated more slowly than did blink amplitude, was more responsive to sustained noise than were blink, N110, and P190, and most importantly, did not show the sensitivity to stimulus rise time manifested by these measures. These findings suggest that the amplitude of automatically elicited P300 is not governed by the same mechanisms as startle amplitude, but behaves more like a defense

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1990.tb00383.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1990.tb00384.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe startle response to a 104dB (SPL) 50‐ms burst of white noise was facilitated by prestimulation with a nonstartling tone sustained for 2 s prior to the startling stimulus in 3, 4, 5, and 8 year old children and young adults. Both startle amplitude and onset latency showed significantly greater facilitation in the preschool children than in the 8‐year‐olds and adults. The results of this experiment, which used a fixed prestimulation interval were compared to those of an earlier study in which the prestimulation interval was varied. The maturational changes in startle facilitation in response to the 2‐s prestimulation interval were similar in the two experiments. Hence the maturational effect on startle facilitation was independent of the uncertainty (as to when the startling stimulus would be given), which might be associated with variable prestimulation intervals. These findings suggest that the neuronal mechanisms that mediate startle facilitation undergo development during early childhood and mature about 8 years of age, and that this maturational sequence is relatively independent of attentional

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1990.tb00385.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1990.tb00386.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTTo study the interaction between physiological and cognitive factors in anxiety, 44 subjects with public speaking anxiety were allocated to four different groups. Two groups received either beta‐adrenoceptor blockade (100 mg of atenolol) or placebo orthogonally crossed with an instruction that heart rate would decrease or an instruction that did not mention cardiovascular effects. During the delivery of a speech, measures of heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and self‐reported anxiety were obtained. All variables increased during an anticipation period before speech, and heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and self‐reported anxiety increased further during speech. Regardless of instructions, atenolol decreased heart rate and systolic blood pressure during both anticipation and speech, whereas no differences were found in self‐reported anxiety. This lack of a relationship was seen in spite of the correctly perceived heart rate reduction in the atenolol‐treated group receiving an instruction that heart rate would decrease. Cardiac aware subjects, according to the Autonomic Perception Questionnaire, showed higher levels of heart rate and self‐reported anxiety at rest than did cardiac unaware subjects. During speech, even though heart rate was similar in atenolol treated groups, self‐reported anxiety was higher in cardiac aware than in cardiac unaware subjects. The lack of a relationship between heart rate and self‐reported anxiety is discussed in terms of primary and secondary emotions. It is suggested that the perception of external rather than internal cues determines situationally e

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1990.tb00387.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY