摘要:

ABSTRACTThe study‐test paradigm was used to investigate memory acquisition processes and the effects of repetition on long‐term recognition memory. In this procedure, subjects are presented with a list of words (“targets”) to be memorized (Study series). They are later tested for recognition on a word list comprised of the target words mixed randomly with an equal number of new, distractor words (Test series). Both reaction time and the P300 component of the event‐related brain potential were used as measures of processing time. During the Study series, large P300s were elicited despite a word category probability of 1.0. When the words from the Study series were divided on the basis of recognition performance, words that were subsequently recognized elicited P300s with shorter latencies than unrecognized words. P300 amplitude to words in the Study series increased with repetition while maintaining a constant latency. During the Test series, P300 latency and reaction time decreased with repetition for both target and distractor words. P300 amplitude to all words increased substantially over Test repetitions with target words eliciting larger P300s than distractor words. Words that were recognized more consistently during the Test series elicited larger and earlier P300s than words that were recognized less consistently. The P300 amplitude and latency results from both the Study and Test series are interpreted as reflecting the increased discriminability of the target words as the memory trace increases in

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01639.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01640.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTSelective attention, often considered less efficient in young children, was examined in adults and 5‐yr‐olds using a new, startle‐probe technique. To investigate the allocation of preparatory attention at early stages of processing, we examined the modification of the startle blink reflex to irrelevant acoustic probes presented within the warning interval (WI) of a simple reaction time task. Attention was directed away from the acoustic probes and toward a vibrotactile GO signal during the 6‐s WI. Heart rate decelerated prior to the GO signal in both children and adults, implying increased attention. The two groups showed opposite patterns of blink modification, however. In adults, startle blink to the WI probes was increasingly attenuated as the GO signal approached, suggesting a selective pattern of attentional allocation. In contrast, blink amplitude increased linearly across probe positions in children, implying that preparatory attention was allocated to a wider range of sensor

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01641.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe effects of sleep fragmentation on behavioral control of sleeping respiration and on daytime sleepiness were investigated in 20 college students. All were polygraphically monitored both during nighttime sleep and during daytime naps. Ten experimental subjects were informed while awake that tones would be presented to them during nighttime sleep. Their task was to terminate the tones by taking a deep breath. Half of the subjects first received tones every 4 min; the other half received them every 8 min. After 4 consecutive nights subjects received 3 days off and conditions were reversed for 4 more consecutive nights. Tones started at 45dB and, in the absence of a response, increased 10dB every 10 seconds up to 95dB. Control subjects (N = 10) did not receive tones. The absolute number of arousals to tones was greater but the percentage of arousals was lower under the 4‐min condition. Full awakenings occurred infrequently. Probability of making a breathing response remained high across days for both fragmentation conditions, but latency to respond was shorter and probability higher under the 8‐min condition. Sleep fragmentation, whether “frequent” (4‐min) or “infrequent” (8‐min), did not induce greater daytime sleepiness than did the nonfragmentation control condition, and sleepiness did not differ between the two experimental conditions. Implications for developing behavioral techniques for treating sleep‐related breathing disord

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01642.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01643.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTTen high fit and 10 low fit subjects first sat quietly during a baseline period and then participated in a mildly stressful task (recall of digits backwards). Pulse rates and levels of subjective arousal were assessed during the baseline period and during the task performance period. Initial analyses indicated that task performance resulted in general increases in pulse rates, subjective cognitive arousal, and subjective somatic arousal. More importantly, it was found that high fit subjects evinced a smaller pulse rate increase in response to stress than did low fit subjects, but the high and low fit subjects did not differ in their subjective responses to stress. These results are consistent with a growing body of research which indicates that a high level of aerobic fitness is associated with reduced physiological reactivity to psychological stress.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01644.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThree studies were conducted to examine the relationship of the task‐evoked pupillary response (TEPR) to the probability of the eliciting stimuli in Bernoulli sequences. Subjects counted target tones in sequences containing two types of tones differing in pitch. For a given probability level, both targets and non‐targets elicited pupillary dilations that were similar in amplitude. The dilation to both targets and non‐targets was inversely related to probability at low probability levels. This relationship appeared to break down at high probability levels, at least for non‐targets. When tone omissions were used as targets they elicited a larger dilation than tonal targets at very low target probability. The amplitude of dilations produced by omitted targets was also affected by probability. The data converge to indicate that the TEPR in random stimulus sequences is sensitive to the surprise value of events, whether involving a physical stimulus or not, and not to the target designation of these

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01645.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01646.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTTwo experiments investigated the relationship between orienting activity and proactive inhibition in the Brown‐Peterson short‐term memory paradigm. In both experiments, different groups of 4 words were presented on each of 6 trials, and recall was tested on each trial following a rehearsal‐prevention period. Electrodermal activity was monitored throughout. The taxonomic category of words was the same throughout Experiment 1 (N = 96) for control groups, whereas for experimental groups, trial 5 consisted of words from a different category. In Experiment 2 (N = 96), taxonomic category was the same on all trials for all groups. However, intertrial intervals (ITIs) were either short or long, and for experimental groups, the trial 5–trial 6 ITI was either shortened or lengthened. The results of both experiments indicated that decline in recall performance across trials 1–5 was accompanied by a decrease in skin conductance response (SCR) magnitude. The change in taxonomic category in Experiment 1 produced both improved recall and increased SCR magnitude. The results of Experiment 2 indicated that both recall performance and SCR magnitude declined more slowly with long than with short ITIs. Moreover, an increase in ITI produced improved recall and increased SCR magnitude. However, although a decrease in ITI produced a decrement in recall performance, it had no effect on SCR magnitude. The results are discussed in terms of current theories of habituation and proactive inhibition in short‐

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01647.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01648.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY