摘要:

ABSTRACTSokolov's neural trace model as well as his entropy model of the orienting response are examined. Both seem inadequate for empirical and theoretical reasons. The role of the relevance aspect of a stimulus is stressed. It is proposed to consider the information transmitted by a stimulus as in some way being weighted by the relevance of the context to which it belongs. It is furthermore proposed to restrict the neural trace concept to the physical properties of the stimulus.Major theoretical gain is achieved by viewing information content of a stimulus and its physical properties independently and by breaking the motivation determining the strength of an orienting response into a situation‐specific part (relevance) and a stimulus‐specific part (orienting incenti

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01359.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIn order to examine the relationship between stimulus intensity control and tobacco smoking motivation, the cortical averaged evoked response (AER) to a number of flash intensities was studied in 10 non‐smokers (NS), 10 tobacco deprived smokers (DS), and 10 non‐deprived smokers (NDS). AERs to four flash intensities were recorded from the vertex (Cz) of subjects and in addition to latency and amplitude measures, the slope of the regression of amplitude with log flash intensity was obtained. Statistical analysis (employing a .05 rejection region) revealed that DS evidenced faster latencies and larger amplitudes than both NS and NDS groups who exhibited comparable responsiveness. No significant results were obtained with the slope measure. The data indicates that tobacco smoking has a “normalizing” effect on central nervous system (CNS) hyper‐sensitivity observed in DS and this notion is discussed in relation to comparable physiological and behavioral work on humans an

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01360.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01361.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIn order to investigate the effect of individual differences in imagery vividness on habituation rate, 14 subjects were threatened with receiving and then imagined receiving an electric shock. Subjects first habituated to a tone which was then used as an auditory signal for the shock threat and the imagined shock. The skin conductance response (SCR) was used to follow the course of habituation. Results demonstrated that subjects with non‐vivid imagery habituated to the tone more rapidly than subjects with vivid imagery when the tone was associated with imagining an electric shock. Implications of this finding for therapeutic techniques using instructed imagery are discusse

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01362.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIn a series of experiments, with over 100 subjects ranging in age from 14 to 43, issues in the control of salivation were examined. Using the sublingual cotton swab technique it was shown that salivation can be controlled by practitioners and non‐practitioners of transcendental meditation. Sex differences were unimportant; the use of specific imagery relating to food and anxiety aided control, and there was a highly significant relationship between the degree of self‐reported imagery vividness and the ability to increase and decrease salivation. Results were discussed in terms of the Pavlovian notion of signalling systems, and the suggestion was made that self‐generated imagery could be important for the control, and in the conditioning, of other autonomic effe

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01363.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIn order to examine the reliability and validity of classification of EEG maturational levels, brain activity before and after peripheral sensory stimulation was measured in two groups of full‐term newborn infants (N=50 and 48). Autoregressive coefficients from two derivations (C‐A, O‐A) were classified by means of logistic discrimination relative to three age groups: a low birthweight group of less than 35 weeks gestational age, a comparable two‐day‐old group, and a group 6 weeks to 3 months of age. Results demonstrated that EEG maturational level of two‐day‐old full‐term neonates can be reliably and validly classified. Autoregressive spectral analysis may function as a major technique for the hypothesis testing and classificatio

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01364.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01365.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIn this paper we report the results of a study in which we were able to assess the effects of a demonstrably stressful event—a sport parachute jump—on EEG recorded sleep.The sleep of 9 novice (one previous jump) and of 9 experienced (41 or more previous jumps) sport parachutists was monitored throughout the night for 4 nights prior to and for 1 night following the day during which a parachute jump had been scheduled to occur. A control group of sport parachutists who agreed not to make a jump during the course of their participation in the study were similarly seen for 5 consecutive nights.The results indicate that the execution, and to a lesser extent the anticipation, of the jump was stressful, especially for the novice group. However, the stressor induced only negligible changes in the sleep variables assessed. It is possible that there are critical differences in the effects on sleep of voluntarily imposed stresses and those which are commonly experienced in everyday l

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01366.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTTwo treatments‐by‐subjects with repeated measures experiments were performed to determine maturational changes in the recovery processes along the classical auditory pathway.Subjects ranged in age from birth to adulthood. Brainstem evoked potentials (BEPs) recorded from the surface of the scalp were obtained at stimulus presentation rates of 10–40/sec for all subjects. In addition, some newborns and adults received repetition rates of 50–80/sec.The amplitude and latency of selected BEP components which reflect discrete levels of brainstem integration, were measured. At stimulus rates of 10–40/sec strong age and rate effects evinced but significant interactions emerged only for those waves representative of rostral brainstem activity. A test of trend revealed that the newborns, in comparison with all other age groups, displayed slower recovery to increasing rates of stimulation (10–40/sec). The differential response of the individual BEP components conforms to the known caudo‐rostral maturation of the brainstem.Stimulus rates above 50/sec (50–80/sec) produced a relatively uniform depression (refractoriness) in the early BEP components irrespective of age. Only potentials generated in rostral structures continued to covary with rate of stimulation.These studies indicate that in the human brainstem the mechanisms responsible for neuronal recovery are essentially mature in the

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01367.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01368.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY