摘要:

ABSTRACTThe effect of postnatal illness, specifically respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), on preterm infants’ attention to auditory stimuli at 3 months of age was examined in three groups of infants; healthy preterm, preterms who had RDS, and a sample of normal term infants. Infants were presented 2 sessions of 9 trials of synthesized consonant‐vowel sounds. The first 7 trials consisted of a binaural presentation in which the CV stimulus /ba/ or /pa/ was presented simultaneously to both left and right ears. The eighth and ninth trials consisted of a dichotic presentation in which the speech stimuli /ba/ and /pa/ were presented, one sound to the left ear and one sound to the right ear. EKG was recorded throughout the presentation. Analyses of covariance with prestimulus heart period as the covariate and heart period during stimulus presentation as the dependent measure were computed to investigate cardiac orienting, habituation and recovery. Results reveal significant cardiac orienting by healthy term and preterm infants on trial 1, habituation across trials 1–7, and recovery of cardiac orienting to stimulus change on the second novel presentation by healthy term and preterm. RDS preterm infants exhibited cardiac orienting to the first stimulus presentation but they did not evidence a change in cardiac level across redundant trials or a response recovery to the novel stimulus. RDS preterms throughout exhibited shorter heart period levels (faster heart rates) than either healthy term or healthy preterm infants. Results are discussed in relation to the effect of RDS on autonomic react

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb03000.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTReaction times (RTs) to words or patterns presented in the left or right visual fields and averaged Event‐Related Potentials (ERPs) evoked by the same stimuli presented foveally were measured separately. In both experiments, an oddball paradigm known to elicit the P3 component was used. Twenty‐four subjects (12 males) were tested in each experiment. In the electrophysiological study EEG was measured differentially from five different scalp sites, each referred to linked ear lobes. There were two frontal and two parietal lateralized electrodes, and a fifth which was located at the vertex (Cz).The RTs to words were significantly delayed relative to the RTs to patterns. Furthermore, the responses were significantly shorter in the right visual field when the target was a word, yet only slightly shorter in the left visual field when the target was a nonsense pattern. The same pattern of results was found with the evoked potentials: A positive wave evoked by the target stimulus was measured at vertex with mean latency of 511.3 msec in the verbal task, and 464.4 msec in the nonverbal task. At the lateralized locations, a significant Task by Hemisphere interaction was found. When the target was a word the base to peak P3 amplitudes were higher over the left than over the right hemisphere. A reverse trend was found with nonverbal targets. The base to peak P3 amplitudes were slightly (but not significantly) higher over the right than over the left hemisph

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb03001.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTBased on a large screening project, 24 electrodermal nonresponders to nonsignal tones were chosen from an undergraduate population and compared on multiple electrodermal, heart rate, and personality measures to an equal number of randomly selected control subjects. Questions addressed in this study included the reliability of the nonresponder category with repeated testing, its stability across situations, its concurrent relationship with other psychophysiological measures, and its ability to predict scores on more standardized measures of individual differences.It was determined that nonresponders continued to produce smaller specific skin conductance responses (SCRs) during a second testing session two weeks after the initial screening, and these differences remained when subjects were tested under signal conditions. However, 50% of the initial nonresponders did produce SCRs by the completion of all testing. Nonresponders and controls differed on other electrodermal measures as well, with nonresponders producing fewer spontaneous fluctuations under all conditions and lower skin conductance levels during initial screening and under signal conditions. Nonresponders and control subjects also differed in heart rate response during the signal procedure. Control subjects produced the anticipated cardiac deceleration, whereas nonresponders produced a pronounced heart rate increase.The two groups did not differ on measured personality characteristics, but when nonresponders were divided into subgroups based on consistency of response pattern, several differences did emerge.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb03002.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb03003.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTTobacco smoking decreases theta and alpha power and increases the dominant alpha frequency in smokers deprived of cigarettes for 10‐17 hrs. The slow alpha frequency in deprived smokers has been attributed to either (1) characterological differences between smokers and nonsmokers, or (2) nicotine withdrawal. Studies finding slower alpha in deprived smokers were not able to replicate previous findings of decreased alpha abundance after smoking, nor did they consider the importance of increased theta as a withdrawal sign. We studied 11 smokers for one day and 7 smokers for two days while they smoked a series of placebo and nicotine cigarettes. Theta and alpha power increased with tobacco deprivation but were decreased for 30‐90 min by nicotine cigarettes. The dominant alpha frequency in deprived smokers was slower than after smoking a nicotine cigarette, but the decreases in frequency were not always statistically signific

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb03004.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTTwo studies are reported in which heart rate and oxygen consumption were monitored in rats during behavioral adaptation to avoidance conditioning tasks. In the first study, the provision of information regarding potential shock delivery for one group of animals led to them exhibiting a tendency toward increased behavioral efficiency compared with a low information group. The metabolic appropriateness of heart rate was assessed on the basis of a linear regression equation fitted to habituation data. During conditioning, both groups displayed heart rates that exceeded the predictions of this equation and, contrary to expectations, the group provided with additional information tended to display the more elevated heart rates. However, an interpretation of these effects was confounded by group differences in ambulation rates. Experiment 2 set out to test a specific hypothesis suggested by the results of the first experiment: that levels of metabolically elevated heart rates are directly related to motor preparatory states. Data in support of this hypothesis are presented, followed by a general discussion of the relationship between behavioral states and cardiovascular function.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb03005.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb03006.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTA study was made of the extent to which electromyographic (EMG) response‐decrease training with biofeedback on each of two successive sites would affect the other site in terms of generalization and transfer of training. Thirty‐two subjects were assigned to four groups of equal size. Groups Frontal‐Arm and Arm‐Frontal were first provided with auditory feedback for EMG responses on either the forehead (frontal) or forearm extensor areas in an initial set of training sessions and on the alternate area in a second set of training sessions. Control groups Relax‐Arm and Relax‐Frontal were provided with instructions designed to induce “motivated relaxation” on one of the two sites in initial training followed by biofeedback training on the alternate site in subsequent training. The EMG training, but not the instructions, resulted in reduced EMG potentials in both the forearm and frontal areas. However, training on one site did not appear to facilitate more rapid acquisition of reduced potentials (transfer of training) during subsequent biofeedback on the alternate site. There was also no evidence for generalized training effects in the form of reduced potentials on other sites, skin temperatures, or self‐reports at the time of tra

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb03007.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe eye movements of REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep have been reported to be slower, i.e., to show reduced velocities, compared to those of the awake state. We demonstrated that REM sleep eye movements are in fact similar in velocity to awake state eye movements under the condition of no visual input (eyes open or closed). Furthermore, we observed that oculomotor velocities and trajectories in REM sleep are more similar to head‐unrestrained (normal vision) than head‐restrained (bite board) conditions in the awake state. The DC electro‐oculogram (EOG) was utilized for all measurements. Both head‐unrestrained and REM sleep eye movements contained looped trajectories not present when the head was immobilized. Eyelid closure had little effect beyond that of total darkness. Recumbent body position did not significantly alter velocity characteristics. These data indicate that the eye movements of REM sleep are more congruent with the hallucinated locomotor activity of the dream than with the postural immobility’ of th

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb03008.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb03009.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY