摘要:

ABSTRACTIn studies of sexuality, there has been a wide divergence in findings concerning the correlation between the subjective and genital measurements of sexual arousal. The present study is aimed at helping clarify this situation by examining the role of certain factors involved in determining the subjective‐genital correlation. Thus, the following study was designed to (1) employ a methodology aimed at improving the correlation between the subjective and genital measurements of arousal in women, and (2) determine the effect of attending to bodily cues upon the subjective‐genital relationship. To accomplish this end, 36 female subjects were separated into two experimental groups and one control group. The experimental groups were given instructions suggesting that they attend to either genital or non‐genital body signals of sexual arousal while viewing a series of 10 erotic slides. Subjects in the control group were given no attention instructions. Subjective levels of arousal to the erotic slides were scaled by having subjects set the intensity of sound and light to match their intensity of arousal (cross‐modality matching) and by using a rating scale. Genital measures of sexual arousal consisted of measurement of vaginal pulse amplitude. Analyses revealed that group computed correlations were very high and that individually computed subjective‐genital correlations were highest in the attention groups. Paying attention to bodily cues has a significant and positive effect on the subjective‐genital relationship. Possible explanations for these results are given along with a discussion of the role of methodological variables in influencing the genital‐subjective correlation. The finding of high levels of correlation raises doubts on the heretofore made assumption of low subjective‐genital correla

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb03276.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb03277.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTTwo experiments were designed to investigate the effects of performance of a central task on habituation of the skin conductance response to task‐irrelevant stimuli. In Experiment 1 (N=48), subjects performed a visual monitoring task in which stimuli were presented at either 800 or 1000 msec. Half the subjects in each group received task‐irrelevant tones of 70dB while the other half did not. The results indicated that task‐irrelevant tones elicited responses that were larger than those associated with performance of the monitoring task itself, and that responses were larger and habituation slower in the high demand (800 msec) condition than in the low (1000 msec). In order to distinguish between different explanations of these results, Experiment 2 (N=64) employed the same central task and utilized an unexpected change in the pitch of the task‐irrelevant stimulus after 20 habituation trials. The results indicated that although habituation was again slower in the high demand condition than in the low, change trial responsiveness waslessin the former than in the latter. The results are discussed in terms of arousal and information‐processing accounts of ha

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb03278.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThree experiments investigated the effects on the skin conductance response of S2 omission following 15 S1‐S2 presentations. These effects were examined at omission and on the following S1‐S2 (re‐presentation) trial. In Experiment 1 (N = 36), S1 was a 5‐sec slide of a snake and S2 was 1 sec of either 65 or 105 dB white noise. The S1‐S2 interval was 4 sec. Both frequency and amplitude of omission responses were a positive function of S2 intensity, and responding to S2 re‐presentation was reliably higher than on the preomission trial. Experiment 2 (N = 36) used the same S1, an S2 of 105dB, and two additional groups which controlled for stimulus omission and spontaneous recovery. Omission of S2 again produced increased responding to its re‐presentation. In Experiment 3 (N = 72), S1 and S2 were moderately intense tones (80dB) and lights (1089 cd/cm2. The procedure for the experimental and two control groups was essentially the same as in Experiment 2, except that S1 modality was counterbalanced across subjects. The experimental group displayed significantly larger responses to S2 on the re‐presentation trial than the control groups regardless of its modality. The results are discussed in terms of theories of habituation with special emphasis on the concept of priming utilized by Wagner (1976) a

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb03279.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTAutonomic and electrocortical activity were recorded while prison inmates with high (H) and low (L) ratings of psychopathy were presented with a series of binaural tone pips, either by themselves (passive attention) or while video games were being played (selective attention). During selective attention the subjects were told that the tone pips were irrelevant to the primary task, the video games. The N100 component of the auditory evoked potential was used as an index of attention paid to the tone pips, while performance on the video games was considered to be a reflection of attentiveness to the primary task. There were no group differences in N100 amplitude or latency during passive attention, supporting the results from several previous studies. During selective attention Group H gave small N100 responses to the tone pips during each video game trial, including the first one, while Group L gave large N100 responses to the tone pips during the first trial, and small responses during later trials. Both groups performed equally well during the first few trials, but while the performance of Group L continued to improve, that of Group H deteriorated over the last few trials. The results were interpreted in terms of limited capacity models of attention, and provided some support for the hypothesis that psychopaths allocate a relatively large proportion of their attentional resources to things of immediate interest, effectively ignoring other stimuli.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb03280.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTVery few studies have systematically examined recovery of performance after sleep deprivation. In the present study, 12 young adult males were sleep deprived for periods of 40 and 64 hrs. Each period was preceded by baseline nights of sleep and followed by two recovery nights of sleep. Immediate recall and reaction time were tested at 2300, 0145, 0400, 0615, and 0830 during baseline, deprivation, and recovery nights. Performance efficiency showed a progressive decline after 2 hrs of recovery sleep following both periods of deprivation. Return to baseline was apparent after 4 hrs of steep following 40 hrs awake and after 8 hrs of sleep following 64 hrs awake. These results suggested that, in terms of behavioral efficiency, an equal amount of sleep is not required to compensate for sleep lost.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb03281.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe present two Experiments demonstrate that the orientation of angry facial expressions is a critical cue when faces serve as conditioned stimuli during aversive electrodermal conditioning. Experiment 1 demonstrated that responses conditioned to angry faces directedtowardthe subjects showed significant resistance to extinction whereas responses conditioned to angry faces directedawayextinguished immediately during extinction. Experiment 2 was designed to investigate whether the orientation factor was effective only during extinction, i.e. whether the orientation was a performance variable, or if the observed effect originated from factors active during acquisition, i.e. if the orientation primarily influenced learning. When the orientation was shifted between the acquisition and the extinction phase, it was found that it did not matter what direction the faces had during acquisition; it was only during extinction that the faces needed to be directed toward the subjects to evoke persistent responding. These results suggest that the subjects acquired a conditioned response to the angry face regardless of its direction, but that this learning effect remained only when the angry face was directed toward the subject during extinction.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb03282.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTEvent‐related potentials were studied while subjects performed physical and semantic discrimination tasks. Two negative components, NAand N2, were observed in both kinds of discriminations. The earlier component, NA, had a constant onset latency, but its peak latency varied as a function of stimulus complexity. N2 latency varied in relation to changes in the peak of NA. RT and P3 followed N2 by similar amounts of time across tasks. The NAand N2 components were interpreted as reflecting partially overlapping sequential stages of processing associated with pattern recognition and stimulus classification, respectivel

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb03283.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb03284.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTSkin conductance responses to repeated identical stimuli (11 or 21 tones, 85dBA, 1000 Hz, 1‐sec duration, sine wave, fast onset) were studied in unmedicated recently admitted RDC diagnosed patients (13 schizophrenic and five paranoid psychotic) and in age‐ and sex‐matched controls. Subjects were classified as nonresponders, fast habituators, habituators, and nonhabituators. The distribution did not differ between patients and controls. There were no nonresponders among the patients and no evidence of bimodality. Schizophrenic patients had more skin conductance responses than controls and a more irregular response course. Analyses of heart rate responses excluded defensive responses, but no conclusions could be drawn as to whether startle or orienting responses had been elicited. The patients had psychophysiological signs of high arousal. They were in an early phase of their illness, with “positive” psychotic symptoms. The absence of nonresponding may be related to the type of patients studied and the characteristics of the stimuli used (high intensity, fast ons

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb03285.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY