摘要:

ABSTRACTThe reactivity and habituation of autistic schizophrenic and normal children were compared using a variety of stimuli. The first two stimulation conditions were 15 tone trials followed by a novel tone stimulus, and 15 periods of darkness followed by a single period of partial illumination. Order of these stimulation conditions was counterbalanced in a groups × order × trials anova factorial design. Other stimuli were tones varying in intensity and photic flashes presented in fixed order following the first two conditions.The two groups differed in magnitude of response to the first 3 tone and illumination change trials, and thereafter showed no differences in habituation or reinstatement to the novel stimulus. This difference consisted of greater responsivity for the normals and was independent of base level, spontaneous activity, order of condition, and type of stimulus. The schizophrenics showed a relationship between GSR magnitude and tone intensity that was similar to the normals' physiological tracking of changing intensity. Results for photic stimulation were the same as for the first two stimulus conditions. The peak‐to‐valley cardiac measure failed to yield any reliable group differences under any stimulation cond

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1970.tb02222.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTFollowing adaptation,Ss learned visually presented paired associate (PA) word lists, while “distracting” verbal material was read aloud to them. Skin resistance was recorded.Ss who received auditory “interference” containing words present in the PA task made fewer errors than controls. An objective scoring method showed that GSR peaks following the onset of relevant words in the “interference” were more frequent than those following control words, confirmingSs' verbal reports of perception of and attention to relevant stimuli. The improved learning could not be accounted for by changes in the tonic level of skin resistance, but seemed to be a direct result of the bi

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1970.tb02223.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTFour experiments investigated the effects of instructions, response‐contingent shock, and the latency of the critical response on the GSR. Using a discrimination procedure, in which responding in the presence of one stimulus avoided shock while responding in the presence of another led to shock, it was found that relative to non‐instructed, yoked‐noncontingent conditions, instructed subjects responded at higher levels to the respond stimuli and at lower levels to inhibit stimuli. The effects of instructions appeared stronger than the effects of the shock contingencies. Only when the “contingent” GSR was of the “anticipatory” latency were differential effects obtained, however. No effects were observed in the absence of cognit

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1970.tb02224.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe influence of different heart rates and rhythm on reaction time performance was examined in two groups of experimental subjects, heart rate in one group being varied by atrial pacing and in the other group by ventricular pacing. A mixed preparatory interval series of visual reaction time trials was employed, with preparatory interval durations of 3, 4, and 5 sec. Study 1 subjects, exposed to atrial pacing in a cardiac catheterization laboratory immediately before coronary artery cineangiography, demonstrated no change in reaction time response with the pacing situation when heart rate was 115 beats per minute (bpm). Response speed was most rapid with the 5 sec preparatory interval, slowest with the exposure to an exogenously‐induced tachycardia. Presentation first of a variable paced tachycardia following a regular tachycardia was associated with slightly prolonged times in both situations, as compared to reaction time produced with the reverse order of pacing presentation. These differences were not statistically significant. Presence or absence of cineangiographic evidence or coronary arteriosclerosis within Study 1 exerted no effect on reaction time performance. Study 2 individuals, paced with an external (Chardack) pacemaker in a quiet laboratory environment, confirmed the results obtained from Study 1. These data would suggest that the level of background heart rate is unimportant as a determinant of reaction time respons

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1970.tb02225.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTSensory‐motor integration and physiological patterns were investigated in a modified reaction time task. Following a READY signal, one of 2 DISCRIMINATIVE signals indicated that a right or left reaction was to be made to a GO signal. For one group, the DISCRIMINATIVE and GO signals occurred simultaneously; for another group, the GO signal was delayed 10 sec. In different sessions, shock occurred with the DISCRIMINATIVE signal on 0%, 33%, or 100% of the trials. The basic pattern of heart rate response was the same in all conditions, namely, acceleration followed by deceleration immediately prior to the DISCRIMINATIVE and GO signals. All experimental manipulations appeared to contribute to cardiac deceleration; for example, the greatest decrease occurred prior to the simultaneous DISCRIMINATIVE‐GO signal with 33% shock probability. The least deceleration (and fastest reaction times) occurred to the delayed GO signal. Anticipation of a motor response and or shock also accentuated the accelerative limb of the heart rate curve, as well as producing increased skin conductance. Muscle action potentials from the chin showed an equivocal relationship to cardiac acceleration (or less deceleration) and to faster reaction times. Results are discussed in terms of an attentional hypothesis, and their relevance to speculations by Lacey and Obrist is exami

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1970.tb02226.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTRespiratory and non‐nutritive sucking responses to auditory stimulation were studied in 1‐ to 5‐day old human newborns. EachSwas presented 5 stimuli, each 4 times, during 4 sessions at 24 hour intervals. The stimuli varied in intensity and intermittency. Stimulus onset and offset shortened sucking bursts during Sessions I‐III, but in Session IV stimulus offset lengthened sucking bursts. In general, respiration was accelerated by stimulus onset and decelerated by stimulus offset. However, in Session IV respiratory deceleration occurred to both stimulus onset and offset. Respiratory deceleration also occurred to low intensity stimuli in Sessions I‐III. Respiratory acceleration and sucking inhibition were discussed as components of the newborn's defense reaction (DR) to most stimulation. Respiratory deceleration was related to appearance of orienting reaction (OR) after habituation of DR.Ss' respiratory responsivity and sucking responsivity were highly c

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1970.tb02227.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe present study demonstrates that various central and peripheral physiological variables are similarly altered by experimentally induced changes in activation while being dissimilarly altered during the course of a trial by unknown factors. That is, both general and specific physiological changes are demonstrated in a single experiment. Activation level was experimentally altered by havingS(a) react to light flashes under threat of shock, (b) react to flashes without any such threat, and (c) passively observe light flashes. Evoked cortical potentials, heart rate, skin conductance, and muscular tension were similarly affected by these experimental conditions, but the variables showed differential changes over time. It was concluded that these physiological processes simultaneously reflect both generalized arousal and directionally fractionated activity.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1970.tb02228.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTTo determine whether different responses are equivalent indicators of stimulus effectiveness and whether a single mechanism can account for responsiveness in different systems, cardiac accelerations, ipsilateral eye movements, and finger movements were simultaneously recorded when lateralized auditory stimuli of graded intensity were presented to 2‐day old infants (N = 21). The responses were not equivalent indicators of stimulus effectiveness as evidenced by the finding of different thresholds for different responses. Furthermore, it was found that an infant's relative responsiveness as defined by one response does not predict his relative responsiveness on other responses. Finally the simultaneously measured responses to a stimulus did not co‐occur more frequently than would be expected if the responses were independently determined. The results raise serious questions as to the adequacy of concepts of generalized arousal and a unitary orienting response in accounting for behavioral organization in the human newb

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1970.tb02229.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe goal of this study was to develop an objective quantitative method for representing the temporal organization of sleep in terms of the period and rhythmicity of REM sleep occurrences. Data on normative human sleep, already scored for stage REM and not stage REM, were subjected to a “binary autocorrelation.” The mean period over 92 nights of sleep for 10Ss was 101.5 min and quite stable. Data is also presented on variability of the rhythm in terms of an “index of rhythmicity.” Measures of temporal organization may prove to be as significant for sleep research as amount of the various sleep

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1970.tb02230.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTSimultaneous measurements of palmar skin potential (SP) at four levels of epidermal hydration yielded a difference of 35 mv between the mean values for the least hydrated site (pretreated with polyethylene glycol) and the most hydrated site (pretreated with distilled water) during sweat gland activity. It was also demonstrated that there was a decline in SP during the first 15 min of recording with aqueous electrolyte which can be attributed to the application of an electrolyte to the skin. Thus the hydration effect appears to be a large, uncontrolled source of variance which must be brought under control if physiologically meaningful results are to be obtained with SP measurements. The hydration effect may offer an alternative interpretation of data previously cited as supporting the hypothesis that an epidermal membrane contributes to SP.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1970.tb02231.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY