摘要:

ABSTRACTA significant decrease in blood pressure is observed after shock‐induced fighting in intact rats. In rats treated with intravenous 6‐hydroxydopamine, a drug that selectively destroys peripheral sympathetic nerve endings when given by this route, this blood pressure response is reversed to a significant increase. In contrast, adrenalectomy converts a slight increase in blood pressure after intact rats are shocked alone in the cage into a significant decrease. These alterations in blood pressure response suggest that the sympathetic response to a stressful stimulus is not an all or none response, but, rather, consists of a patterned activation depending upon the behavioral response available. The current physiological findings are consistent with neuroendocrine research in which coping behavior is found associated with a predominant norepinephrine release by the sympathetic nervous system, and stress without available coping responses is associated with release also of epinephr

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01450.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTFollowing reports that psychiatric patients and their relatives produced deviant oculomotion, new procedural and quantitative methods were developed and applied in a parametric study of tracking proficiency in 32 monozygotic twin pairs tested twice. Subjects tracked a spot of light across an oscilloscope screen. The target was driven sinusoidally at various frequencies for smooth pursuit tracking and by a modified square wave generator for saccadic tracking. Also included were a smooth pursuit test requiring subjects to “monitor” the aperiodic appearance of a hole in the center of the oscillating target and a psychomotor test requiring subjects to manually center a dot in a moving circle. For pursuit tracking, the electro‐oculogram (EOG) and target motion were fed to a computer programmed to calculate root‐mean‐square differences between EOG and target channels. The saccadic EOG was computer‐analyzed by measuring movement latencies.Performance on the various tasks was analyzed with emphasis on the effects of the monitor requirement, which dramatically reduced tracking error. Measures of retest reliability and twin concordance suggested that observed individual differences in performance on these tasks represent st

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01451.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01452.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe effects of heart rate feedback delay upon bidirectional heart rate control were determined by comparing four groups of 10 subjects who received either: a) immediate feedback, or b) feedback that was delayed by 1.4 sec, 5 sec, or 14 sec. All subjects received 3 sessions of training which included 3 within‐session phases, i.e. 2 (pre and post‐feedback) Instructional Control phases during which subjects were instructed to speed or slow heart rate without the aid of feedback, and a Feedback phase during which bidirectional heart rate control was assisted by analogue heart rate feedback. Heart rate, chin EMG, and respiration rate were recorded during all phases.The results indicated that the magnitude of heart rate increases and decreases was systematically influenced by differing amounts of feedback delay. For increasing and decreasing heart rate, the group receiving immediate feedback showed superior heart rate control in comparison to groups which received feedback that was delayed by 14 sec. The strongest effects of feedback delay were evident during Feedback and the final Instructional Control phase. Only the group receiving immediate feedback improved HR control during Feedback and post‐feedback Instructional Control phases.These findings were discussed in terms of a motor skills learning model for learned HR control. It was concluded that while many of the same parameters influence HR and motoric behavior, the two responses should not be regarded as equiv

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01453.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThree experiments examined patterns of bilateral differences in skin conductance as a function of cognitive tasks intended to produce specific manipulations in the relative activation of the two hemispheres. Experiments 1 and 2 employed right‐handed subjects, and examined the effects of Verbal (left‐hemispheric) and Spatial (right‐hemispheric) tasks. In both experiments response amplitudes were substantially smaller in the hand contralateral to the more activated hemisphere than in the ipsilateral hand. Experiment 2 also examined the effects of Music and Number tasks, intended to produce a similar level of activation in the two hemispheres: these tasks were not accompanied by reliable bilateral differences in electrodermal activity. Experiment 3 consisted of a replication of Experiment 2 with subjects (sinistrals) known, as a group, to exhibit little functional hemispheric specialization. In these subjects, bilateral electrodermal differences did not vary systematically as a function of tasks. These findings argue strongly for the presence of lateralized cortical influences on electrodermal activity, and their implications for psychological and neurophysiological models of electrodermal functioning are disc

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01454.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01455.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe occurrence of nocturnal cardiac arrhythmias was determined in 9 infant pigtail (M. nemestrina) monkeys during 3 baseline normal nights, 3 nights following maternal separation, and 3 nights following reunion with the mother. All infants lived in social groups where they had been raised by their natural mothers; heart rate data were collected by means of totally implantable biotelemetry systems.Marked individual differences were found in the mean frequency of cardiac arrhythmias in the baseline condition, and infants with lower heart rates had a greater mean number of arrhythmias. Maternal separation was accompanied by both increases in arrhythmias and decreases in heart rate. The relationship (slope of the regression line) between arrhythmias and heart rate changed in 8 of the 9 infants during separation, suggesting that the increase in arrhythmias was greater than could be accounted for by the decreases in heart rate alone. While both heart rate and arrhythmia values tended to return to baseline values following reunion with the mother, some infants exhibited prolonged separation‐induced alteration

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01456.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01457.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIn this experiment it was predicted that the presence or absence of a performance‐contingent incentive (monetary reward) would mediate effects of the coronary‐prone behavior pattern on behavioral and cardiovascular responses to a difficult cognitive task. Accordingly, 44 subjects of the Type A (coronary‐prone) and Type B (non‐coronary‐prone) behavior patterns were assigned to one of two task conditions, labelled Incentive and No Incentive. Results indicated that under No Incentive Type As performed better at the experimental task and reported less state anxiety than Type Bs, whereas in the Incentive condition, Type A and B subjects showed no differences in task performance or self‐report of anxiety. Concerning cardiovascular measures, analysis of variance revealed significantly greater systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure elevations for Type A than Type B subjects, but showed no reliable interactions of the Type A, B and Incentive factors nor any related effects regarding heart rate or diastolic blood pressure. Individual differences in subjects' scores on the inventory for coronary‐prone behavior pattern, however, correlated positively with heart rate accelerations in the No Incentive condition, but did not covary with heart rate changes under Incentive. With respect to subjects' perceptions of the task, self‐report data suggested that Type As responded in a more active and involved manner and resisted feelings of helplessness to a greater extent than their Type

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01458.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01459.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY