ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1996.10718619

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Nutrition and food science have each enhanced the development of an abundant, nutritious, safe food supply. A healthy diet should contain all of the required nutrients and sufficient calories to balance energy expenditure and provide for growth and maintenance throughout the life cycle. Importantly, dietary factors are associated with 5 of the 10 leading causes of death, including coronary heart disease, certain types of cancer, stroke, noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. National health care expenditures for 1990 totaled $666 billion of which 30% are related to inappropriate diet. Identification of external factors that contribute to premature death would aid preventive efforts, improve the quality of life, and reduce health care costs. Even though genetic predisposition increases susceptible people's risk for many of these chronic diseases, these conditions may be diminished or prevented by improvements in the American diet. Each stage of the life cycle has specific nutrient needs. Throughout infancy, childhood and adolescence nutrients are required to meet the growth processes as well as cognitive function. During pregnancy nutrients are required for both mother and developing infant needs. Adult nutrition focuses on tissue maintenance, nutrient and energy needs, and disease prevention. As the population of elderly increase in number and greater age, nutritional needs must be met to minimize certain disease states and assure the quality of life. Nutrition associated health risks have been identified for coronary heart disease, cancer and diabetes mellitus. Recommendations for each includes a decrease in dietary fat, awareness of caloric intake and enhancement of nutrient density including an increase in fruit and vegetables. These recommendations also impact obesity and diminish the compounding of other disease states affected by excessive body weight. Calcium intake at early ages affects development of bone density and manifestation of osteoporosis. Current gaps in knowledge are also identified that could improve health. Numerous nutrients are being examined for their regulation of specific gene expressions and in the processes of transcription and translation. To offer food products with greater nutrient density or improved functional health ingredients, modification of existing foods is needed to assure an improved diet. Policies to improve health require integration of nutrition needs with economic growth and development, agriculture and food production, processing, marketing, health care and education, and includes changing life styles and food choices. Increased research support is required to achieve national health goals with emphasis on nutrition and food sciences. Education methods must be improved to better inform consumers, to encourage food producers and manufactures to produce healthier foods, to assure training of future professionals and to provide legislators with the basis to make informed decisions. Recommendations to CFERR are identified. Improved quality and availability of nutritious foods will result in a healthier, more productive population. A decrease in the occurrence and duration of chronic disease should diminish the cost of health care and allow these resources to further benefit the nation. International concerns about undernutrition include 780 million people who are malnourished, lacking sufficient food to meet their basic nutritional needs for protein and energy, and 2 billion people who subsist on diets lacking essential nutrients needed for growth, development and physiological maintenance. National concerns about undernutrition exist based on incomplete data identified by indices of hunger and characterized by an increased demand for food assistance for women, children and the elderly. Major health problems in the US impacted by diet and nutrition include coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, some types of cancer, non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, hypert

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1996.10718620

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Malabsorption of iron has been reported in children with symptomatic giardiasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate intestinal absorption of iron in children with asymptomatic giardiasis and iron deficiency anemia.Based upon results of blood hemoglobin and stool examination, two groups were established: asymptomatic giardiasis and anemia, and anemia without intestinal parasitosis (control group). Patients were aged 1-6 years. There was no difference in age, weight, height, or iron nutritional status between the asymptomatic giardiasis and control groups on admission to the study.Intestinal absorption of iron was evaluated using the iron tolerance test and the hemoglobin response to iron therapy. The serum iron tolerance test was based on the increment of iron level 2 hours after administering an iron load of 1 mg/kg of elemental iron in the form of ferrous sulfate, in comparison to the fasting iron level. Hemoglobin response to oral iron therapy was determined by the increment of hemoglobin on day 30 of therapy with ferrous sulfate (5 mg/kg/day of elemental iron).There was no statistical difference between the asymptomatic giardiasis and control groups with reference to the iron tolerance test (159.1 +/−73.1 micrograms/dl and 154.5 +/−76.5 micrograms/dl, respectively) and to the hemoglobin response to iron therapy (1.5 +/−0.7 g/dl and 1.8 +/−1.1 g/dl, respectively). The presence or absence of trophozoites of Giardia lamblia on duodenal aspirate did not affect intestinal absorption of iron.Asymptomatic giardiasis did not affect the intestinal absorption of iron and the hemoglobin response to oral iron therapy in iron-deficient anemic children.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1996.10718621

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A study of children (2-8 years; n = 613) in Belize, Central America, was conducted to determine what proportion of the children might be at risk of vitamin A (vit A) deficiency. The data provide an opportunity to compare results of three methods of assessing vit A status in a population which was not severely malnourished. Serum retinyl ester concentrations were also determined; their relevance to one of the tests, the relative dose response (RDR) test, is discussed.The three methods of assessing vit A status were: RDR test, fasting serum retinol concentration, and conjunctival impression cytology (CIC). Retinol-binding protein (RBP), serum retinyl esters and serum zinc concentrations were also determined.Inadequate vit A status was indicated for 17% of subjects by the RDR test (14% cutoff), for 24% by fasting serum retinol concentration (<0.87 mumol/L), and for 49% by“abnormal”CIC score. Retinyl esters constituted 24% of serum retinoids at the time (5 hours after a retinyl palmitate dose) at which the second blood sample is taken for the RDR test. Regression tree analyses (CART) indicated ethnicity was a predictor of RDR score; ethnicity, stunting and age were predictors of fasting serum retinol concentration; ethnicity and stunting were predictors of 0-hour retinyl ester concentration.The three indices of vit A status did not identify the same individuals nor indicate the same percentage of the population to be at risk for vit A deficiency. Increased concentrations of retinyl esters at 5 hours compared to those at 0 hours suggest that insufficient retinol may have been taken up by the liver at 5 hours to release all accumulated retinol-binding protein (RBP) in deficient individuals; prevalence of vit A deficiency might therefore be underestimated by the RDR test. The selection of ethnicity as a predictor of RDR score and of 0-hour retinol and retinyl ester concentrations suggests that factors other than vit A status affect vit A metabolism and may affect the RDR test.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1996.10718622

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Reproducibility of the relative dose response test (RDR), a test designed to measure vitamin A status, was tested in 23 Belizean children, 5-8 years after 2-week interval during which no treatment was given.As required for the RDR test, serum retinol concentrations were determined before and 5 hours after an oral dose of vitamin A. An RDR score>14% was used as the criterion of inadequate vitamin A status. The HPLC method used to measure serum retinol concentrations also determined the concentrations of four retinyl esters.The RDR test was reproducible for 17 of 23 subjects: 3 scored>14% on both tests; 14,14% on only one test. The concordance correlation coefficient (rc) for the percent change in the two tests was 0.24; for fasting serum retinol concentration, rc = 0.81. For retinyl palmitate and stearate, the esters present in highest concentrations at 5 hours, concordance correlation coefficients were 0.75 and 0.59, respectively.The failure of the RDR test to classify 26% of the subjects reproducibly reduces the usefulness of the test. In addition, the reproducibility of the retinyl ester concentrations in serum 5 hours after the retinyl palmitate dose and the relatively high concentrations in some subjects suggests that some individuals may not metabolize sufficient retinol in 5 hours to cause a maximal increase in serum retinol, resulting in an underestimation of deficiency in a population in which the RDR test is used.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1996.10718623

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The glycation of proteins and elevated triglyceride (TG) levels are two of the major risk factors in the development of complications of diabetes. Previous studies have found some beneficial effects of supplementation of pharmacological doses (900-2000 IU/day) of vitamin E in Type II diabetic patients. This study examined whether supplementation with a modest dose of vitamin E (100 IU/day) had any effect on blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin (GHb), TG or red cell counts in Type I diabetic patients.35 diabetic patients were supplemented with either DL-alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) capsules (orally, 100 IU/day) or a placebo for 3 months in a double-blind clinical trial. Fasting blood was collected from each diabetic patient before and after vitamin E or placebo supplementation. Data were analyzed using paired“t”tests and the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test.Levels of GHb (mean +/−SEM) were 11.5 +/−0.4 and 12.8 +/−0.9% (p<0.05); glucose, 8.8 +/−1.2 and 11.6 +/−1.3 mM; and TG, 2.2 +/−0.2 and 2.9 +/−0.3 mM (p<0.03) after vitamin E supplementation versus before supplementation. There were no differences in these parameters after supplementation with the placebo. There was no effect on blood RBC, hematocrit, and hemoglobin levels after supplementation of vitamin E or the placebo. There were no differences in ages and duration of diabetes between placebo and vitamin E-supplemented groups.This study suggests that modest vitamin E supplementation (100 IU/day) can significantly lower blood GHb and TG levels and does not have any effect on red cell indices in Type I diabetic patients.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1996.10718624

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The purpose of the study was to assess the actual dietary intakes of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and selenium (Se) intakes in relation with some indicators of trace element status in a selected group of hospitalized elderly patients.24 elderly women aged 76-99 years were recruited in the Geriatric Department of the Grenoble University Hospital.Zn, Cu, and Se dietary intakes were estimated by duplicate portion analysis. Plasma trace element concentrations, Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn SOD) and Se glutathione peroxidase (Se GSH-Px) activities were determined in parallel.Mean daily intakes of Zn (5.6 mg), Cu (0.67 mg), and Se (23 micrograms) were low, in relation with poor energy intake and nutrient densities. Zn and Se levels in plasma were lower and plasma Cu increased compared to reference values obtained from healthy younger subjects. Thirty-eight percent of the elderly patients had plasma Zn concentrations<10.7 mumol/l, but Cu status appeared adequate as suggested by the lack of decline in Cu-Zn SOD activity. A high proportion of plasma Se concentrations<0.76 mumol/l and the parallel decrease in erythrocyte and plasma GSH-Px activities suggest a Se deficiency in this population.Our findings indicate that French hospitalized elderly patients may be at risk of Zn and Se marginal status and present altered antioxidant defenses in relation with low dietary intakes. It underlines the interest of supplementation studies in this population.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1996.10718625

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between beta-carotene intake and biochemical indices of antioxidant status in the blood of nine premenopausal women ages 18 to 42.Nine healthy adult women were fed a low beta-carotene diet for 68 days. They were repleted with the same diet supplemented with beta-carotene (15 mg beta-carotene) for 28 days. During the last week of the study, they received an additional mixed carotenoid supplement. Indices of blood antioxidant status were measured on days 1, 29, 36, 43, 50, 64, 71, 92, and 99.We found significant increases of erythrocyte conjugated dienes between the 71st and 99th day of the study; increases of glutathione (GSH) peroxidase (GP) on day 43 and day 92 compared to a decrease on day 29; and decreases of GSH reductase throughout the treatment period. Erythrocyte catalase activities seemed to parallel GP activities. Erythrocyte oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels were depressed both after beta-carotene depletion and repletion. beta-Carotene depletion/repletion had no effect on plasma vitamin E or GSH levels. Platelet GSH levels were depressed after beta-carotene depletion followed by elevated GSH levels after beta-carotene repletion.A diet low in beta-carotene and adequate in all other nutrients, including vitamin A, resulted in altered erythrocyte and platelet antioxidant indices; however, it had little impact on plasma GSH or vitamin E levels in young healthy women. Our results are consistent with the suggestion that carotenes may be important in the prevention of oxidative damage.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1996.10718626

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

To evaluate the distribution pattern of the main macronutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrates) and fiber in a selected well-established group of elderly people, average age above 80 years.Dietary consumption was evaluated in a well-established group of 21 elderly people in a home for the aged by in-person interview using a food frequency questionnaire.Daily energy intake was 1.87 Mcal (7.8 MJ) or 29.3 kcal/kg body weight, a value which lies within the range of 1.6 to 2.0 Mcal or 25 to 30 kcal/kg, found in 12 other studies conducted on elderly people. The average percentage of energy derived from macronutrients (with an individual range) was: protein 17.5 (13-22); fat 32.9 (25-44); and carbohydrates 49.6 (35-61). Fiber intake was 8.6 g/Mcal, lower than that found in three other studies. Positive coefficients of correlation were found between protein intake and the following parameters: serum urea (r = 0.28), cholesterol (r = 0.48) and DBP (r = 0.43).In our small group of elderly, energy derived from protein was higher than that in most of other studies reviewed, and that from fat was higher than in half of those studies. These values were remarkably higher than the suggested values. Energy derived from carbohydrates was close to that found in other studies. Monitoring of dietary macronutrients might improve the nutritional and the physiological status of the elderly.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1996.10718627

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

To evaluate the vitamin status and the effects of micronutrient supplementation as determined by biochemical assays and functional, cognitive and emotional tests in a selected well-established group of elderly people, average age above 80 years.Dietary consumption was evaluated by in-person interview using a food frequency questionnaire. Medical, biochemical, nutritional, functional, cognitive and behavioral parameters were assessed in elderly subjects (n = 12) living in a home for the aged, at baseline and after 42 days of micronutrient supplementation. The same parameters were assessed in additional subjects (n = 9), at baseline only.In all subjects, most of the micronutrients were not supplied at an adequate level. Supplementation of micronutrients at a level of 100% RDA improved parameters related to vitamin status, the activation coefficients (AC) of GR (glutathione reductase) and AST, blood ascorbic acid concentrations, functional-cognitive evaluation values, blood pressure, pulse rate, and serum cholesterol and triglycerides levels. At baseline, the following parameters significantly correlated with vitamin intake and were used for the estimation of vitamin needs: AC of GR, Tinetti Balance Evaluation, FIM and recorded morbidity.On the basis of limited available data, calculation of vitamin needs based on regression lines resulted in estimates (mg/day) of:>150 for ascorbic acid,>3 for riboflavin,>3 for vitamin B6. Expanding the current practice of supplementing micronutrients at a level of 100% RDA (in tablet form) that already exists in some elderly societies should be considered after a comprehensive study in a large group of elderly people.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1996.10718628

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor