ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1995.10718543

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1995.10718544

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A literature review was made to critically evaluate the ability of ascorbic acid to modulate the incidence of gastrointestinal cancer. A comparison of preclinical, clinical, and epidemiological studies indicated that evidence for ascorbic acid as an inhibitor of carcinogenesis is stronger with regard to gastric cancer and weaker with regard to esophageal and colon/rectal cancer. Insufficient evidence currently exists regarding the oral cavity and the use of ascorbic acid in precancerous conditions such as polyposis and leukoplakia.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1995.10718545

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The use of vitamin B6 supplements is widespread today. Doses used are often elevated far above the physiological range and reach levels up to 600-fold higher than recommended dietary allowances for healthy people. While the toxic effects caused by chronic high doses of vitamin B6 have been described earlier, pharmacokinetic data on vitamin B6 supplements are rare. This article reviews the pharmacokinetic data of vitamin B6 from human subjects.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1995.10718546

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Human aging is associated with an increased incidence of several chronic diseases including coronary artery disease, non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis. Concurrent with the increased prevalence of these diseases in the elderly are well-documented changes in body composition that include an increased fat mass and a progressive decline in skeletal muscle mass and bone mineral density. Together these factors result in age-related decreases in muscle strength and aerobic capacity which contribute to decreases in functional independence. Progressive resistance (strength) training interventions have been proposed as countermeasures to some of these degenerative processes. Recently, several studies have reported on the effects of high intensity resistance training on muscle function and size in both healthy middle-aged men and women (50-75 years) and older frail men and women (80-100 years). In total, the majority of these studies have shown substantial increases (>100%) in the one repetition maximum muscle strength of the muscle's being exercised in response to 8 to 12 weeks of strength training (3 to 4 times per week at 70 to 90% of the 1 repetition maximum). In addition, a subset of these reports has also reported significant increases in muscle size either by computed tomography (CT) analysis of muscle cross-sectional area (9 to 17%) or by biopsy examination of muscle fiber size changes (20 to 30%). There is now compelling evidence that progressive resistance training in the elderly can positively influence whole body energy expenditure, muscle growth, and function. In addition, strength training interventions may be a powerful tool in the prevention of age-associated sarcopenia (loss of muscle mass).

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1995.10718547

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

There is limited information on the nutritional health of Canadian children, particularly those living in poverty. Our purpose was to assess the dietary and anthropometric status of economically disadvantaged children as part of the longitudinal, multidisciplinary prevention project, Better Beginnings, Better Futures.We obtained 24-hour dietary recalls and measurements of height, weight, triceps skinfolds and mid-arm circumference from children (n = 178) aged 7 to 9 years in three urban communities. Information on demographic characteristics was obtained through a parent interview.Linear growth appeared adequate with both boys (chi 2 = 44.1, p<.001) and girls (chi 2 = 10.8, p90th percentile for weight-for-height (23.2%) and upper arm fat area (14.3%), suggests a tendency to excess fat; 21.1% were<10th for percentile upper arm muscle area. Median nutrient intakes, except for calcium and vitamin A, exceeded the Canadian Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI); however, median energy intake was well below the RNI. Energy and macronutrient intakes were similar across Z score categories of weight-for-height, upper arm muscle area, and upper arm fat area.The tendency to inadequate muscle mass and excess fat in the presence of low energy intake may reflect low levels of physical activity.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1995.10718548

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

To estimate the intakes of essential nutrients by eating-dependent nursing home residents (EDR).This study was done in a 190 bed VA nursing home. Thirty-four EDR were selected for the study. Clinical data base which included age, sex, primary diagnosis, body mass index, albumin, hematocrit, activities of daily living status, decubitus ulcer medications and use of multivitamin/trace mineral supplement were recorded from the medical records. Caloric and essential nutrient intakes were determined over a 3-day period by a registered dietitian.Seventy percent (24/34) residents in the study group were underweight (body mass index<23 kg/m2), 26% were hypoalbuminemic (serum level<3.5 g/dl), 50% were anemic (hematocrit<37%); and 38% had pressure ulcers. In 88% EDR, the dietary intakes of three or more essential nutrients were below 50% of the RDA. Most frequent and severely deficient were zinc, copper, and vitamin B6. Despite the inadequate essential micronutrient intakes in the majority of EDR, only 35% received a multivitamin supplement and only 3% received a trace mineral supplement. A survey of 30 other VA nursing homes indicated generally similar findings to those in the Milwaukee facility with regard to the high frequency for eating-dependence, and the low frequency for administration of multivitamin and trace mineral supplements.Despite eating supervision and assistance, the majority of EDR have inadequate intakes of numerous essential macro- and micronutrients. The deficient micronutrient intakes could be normalized by administration of a multivitamin/trace mineral supplement daily. Nevertheless, only a minority of EDR in VA nursing homes currently receive such a supplement.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1995.10718549

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

We studied the effect of beta-carotene supplementation on the concentrations and distribution in plasma lipoprotein and non-lipoprotein fractions of carotenoids, alpha-tocopherol, retinol, and cholesterol.Ten women ingested either 90 mg of beta-carotene or placebo daily for 3 weeks while residing in their homes and eating their usual meals. Carotenoids (beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein/zeaxanthin), retinol, alpha-tocopherol, and cholesterol were measured in plasma lipoprotein and non-lipoprotein fractions before and after treatment.In the beta-carotene-supplemented group, total plasma beta-carotene increased 14-fold from 0.48 +/−0.13 to 6.83 +/−2.12 mumol/L (p = 0.04). Although the greatest increase in beta-carotene was in low-density-lipoproteins (LDL), the magnitude of increase was similar in LDL, high-density-lipoproteins (HDL), and very-low-density-lipoproteins (VLDL). Thus, the relative distribution of beta-carotene in lipoproteins was unchanged: approximately 71% was in LDL, approximately 15% in HDL and approximately 12% in VLDL, before and after beta-carotene supplementation. There were no changes in amounts and distribution in lipoproteins of the other carotenoids, alpha-tocopherol, and cholesterol. There was no change in the amount of retinol in lipoprotein-deficient plasma. There were no changes in total plasma triglycerides. Significant positive correlations were found between LDL- or VLDL-cholesterol and alpha-tocopherol in LDL or VLDL, respectively; between LDL- or VLDL-cholesterol and lutein/zeaxanthin in LDL or VLDL, respectively; and between HDL-cholesterol and beta-carotene in HDL.beta-Carotene supplementation (90 mg/day for 3 weeks) in healthy older women results in an enrichment of all plasma lipoprotein fractions with beta-carotene, but does not alter the relative distribution of beta-carotene in lipoproteins. beta-Carotene supplementation has no effect on the amounts and relative distribution of lycopene, lutein/zeaxanthin, and alpha-tocopherol in lipoproteins, or of retinol in the non-lipoprotein fraction of plasma. Short-term beta-carotene supplementation has no effect on the concentrations of plasma total triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-, LDL-, and VLDL-cholesterol.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1995.10718550

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

In Belgium, important regional differences in mortality exist which have been linked to differences in dietary consumption patterns.To study regional food consumption in Belgium, sales data of 103 spreading and cooking fat products in 110 branch stores of a major supermarket chain (Colruyt) for 12 months (1991-92) were analyzed.Sale of more ordinary and polyunsaturated spreading margarine and of more polyunsaturated low-fat spread in the north in combination with a greater sale of butter and dairy low-fat spread in the south resulted in a P/S-ratio of 0.99 in the north vs. 0.40 in the south (p<0.001) and a U/S-ratio of 1.93 vs. 1.10 (p<0.001) for spreading fats. The P/S- and U/S-ratios of cooking fats were lower in the north (ns). Mortality data correlated positively with the sale of butter and dairy low-fat spread and negatively with sales data of spreading margarine, polyunsaturated spreading margarine, and polyunsaturated low-fat spread (all p<0.001).Sales data from supermarket chains provide useful information on regional fat consumption and offer interesting perspectives of trends over time.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1995.10718551

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

In view of the rapid increase in the prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in developing countries, our aim was to determine the prevalence of CAD and its risk factors and lifestyle factors in an elderly population from north India.A random sample of 595 elderly subjects between 50 to 84 years of age was obtained from the urban population of Moradabad. The response rate was 90.1%. The survey methods included a questionnaire containing information on 7-day food intake, other lifestyle factors, Rose questionnaire for diagnosis of angina pectoris, a standard 12-lead electrocardiogram, blood pressure measurements and blood examination.The total prevalence of CAD based on clinical history and electrocardiogram was 121/1000 (95% CI 72 to 165). The prevalence rate was slightly higher in males (130/1000) than in females (110/1000). The prevalence of CAD based on the Rose questionnaire was 57/1000 and based on electrocardiogram in 561 asymptomatic subjects was 67/1000. CAD was significantly higher in the elderly (65 to 84 years) group than in the middle-aged (50 to 64 years) group (168 vs. 97 per 1000), respectively. While the prevalence of hypertension was significantly higher in the elderly than middle-aged group respectively (214 vs. 168 per 1000), the prevalence of central obesity was significantly higher in the middle-aged than elderly group (674 vs. 632 per 1000). Other risk factors including smoking were comparable in the two subgroups. Prevalence of major risk factors and central obesity were significantly higher among patients with CAD than in the rest of the subjects. Prevalence of CAD was significantly higher in the middle and higher socio-economic groups compared to the lower income group. These higher income groups were also eating significantly higher amounts of visible fat and had a higher prevalence of physical inactivity (93.3%) compared to the lower income group.CAD and its risk factors such as hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes and central obesity are of sufficient magnitude in the elderly population of India to be a major public health problem. The findings also indicate that CAD is more commonly associated with middle and higher socio-economic status which may be due to greater consumption of dietary fat and more sedentariness compared to lower socioeconomic groups.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1995.10718552

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor