ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1994.10718413

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1994.10718414

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This review summarizes what is presently known about microbial colonization of silicone gastrostomy feeding tubes and their deterioration. Feeding tubes are frequently colonized by fungal and bacterial organisms. Candida organisms seem to originate from the oral cavity from where they colonize the stomach and the gastrostomy tubes. It appears that many microorganisms are able to metabolize certain polymer additives, and although this is well described for polyvinyl chloride, it is not for silicone elastomers. However, clinical evidence for a role of microorganisms in the deterioration of silicone feeding tubes is very strong. The clinical significance of gastrointestinal tract seeding from gastrostomy tubes, which act as incubators, is not fully understood and deserves further study. Likewise, deterioration of feeding tubes must be investigated systematically to address the safety and economical issues it presents.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1994.10718415

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

To better understand the potential function of beta-carotene (beta-C) in the prevention of cancer, greater knowledge of beta-C metabolism and a suitable animal model to mimic human beta-C metabolism are necessary. The small intestinal mucosa contains beta-C cleavage enzyme(s), thereby playing an important role in both the provitamin A activity and anti-cancer properties of beta-C. The ability of the ferret (Mustela putorius furo) to absorb intact beta-C makes it an appropriate model for studying human beta-C absorption. This article reviews the absorption and cleavage mechanisms of beta-C in both the human and the ferret. The biosynthesis of retinoic acid (RA) from beta-C via central and eccentric cleavage pathways is reviewed. The possible significance of the conversion of beta-C to RA as an anticancer mechanism is discussed.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1994.10718416

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Morbid obesity (excess body weight of 45.5 kg or 100% over ideal body weight) is associated with>3-fold increased mortality in men and women and is resistant to dietary intervention. Gastric bypass (GBP) and vertical banded gastroplasty (VBG) are the currently accepted surgical treatments. The purpose of this study was to analyze retrospectively 153 consecutive morbidly obese patients who underwent GBP from 1975-1986 and were followed for a minimum of 5 years.Data were analyzed from 1-16 years postoperative comparing preoperative morbidity, operative complications, postoperative morbidity, interval weight loss, maximum weight loss, and weight regain.At the 1- and 5-year intervals, 129 and 86 patients respectively were available for review. Operative mortality was<1%. Weight loss at 1 year = 48.5 kg rising to 57 kg at 24 months. Statistically significant weight loss of 37.0 kg (19.2 SD)(p35 kg at 5 years and reduces the complications of morbid obesity.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1994.10718417

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Because of the difficulty in obtaining accurate dietary intake information on children and adolescents, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended that energy requirements in children and adolescents are best established by estimate of energy expenditure in free-living individuals. To define the energy requirements of healthy female adolescents, we used the doubly labeled water method to estimate the total energy expenditure (TEE) of nine female Caucasian adolescents (mean age +/−SD 13.2 +/−1.8 years; range 10.3-16 years).We collected a baseline plasma and saliva sample from each subject after she received by mouth 125 mg of 18O and 100 mg of 2H2O/kg body weight. A 3-hour postdose plasma sample was also collected. Subsequently at home, each subject collected one postdose saliva sample daily for the next 10 days. The 24-hour respiratory quotient (RQ) of each subject was measured by whole-room calorimetry. The 18O and 2H abundances of the plasma and saliva samples were measured by gas-isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. Isotope dilution spaces of 18O (No) and 2H (NH) were calculated from the enrichment levels of these isotopes in the 3-hour postdose plasma sample. The fractional turnover rates of 18O (ko) and 2H (kH) were calculated from the monoexponential decay curves of these isotopes in the saliva samples. The average CO2 production rate (rCO2) over the 10-day period was calculated as rCO2 (mol/day) = 0.4584×(ko×No-kH×NH). The average TEE was calculated from the rCO2 using the Weir equation.TEE calculated by the isotope method was 2322 +/−281 kcal/day (range 1850-2656 kcal/day), which is higher than the levels of energy expenditure (1910-2140 kcal/day) reported by the WHO for healthy female teenagers with a desirable body composition and appropriate level of physical activity.Our results suggest that the activity factors used by the WHO in the calculation of energy expenditure of female adolescents between 10 and 16 years of age might have been underestimated.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1994.10718418

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of saturated fatty acid (SFA) and unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) diets on ethanol pharmacokinetics. Hepatic ADH and plasma carnitines were also evaluated as possible indicators of the mechanism involved.Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed modified AIN76 diets containing 10% coconut oil (SFA) or corn oil (UFA) for 120 days. A single dose (3 g/kg bw) of ethanol (13% solution) was orally administered using a gastric canula on day 30, 90, 105 and 120. Tail vein blood samples were collected at various intervals following ethanol dose and were analyzed for blood-ethanol concentration (BEC). In an analogous trial rats were given these diets for 70 days and blood samples were collected on day 35 and 63 for triglycerides, cholesterol and carnitine determination. The animals were killed on day 70 to collect liver for ADH determination.Compared to the UFA group, the SFA group exhibited significantly higher BEC, larger area under the curve, longer half-life of ethanol, and lower rates of ethanol elimination. Plasma carnitines were also higher in the SFA vs UFA group. However, hepatic ADH activity was not different between the groups.Dietary SFA protects liver from alcohol injury by retarding ethanol metabolism, and carnitine may be involved.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1994.10718419

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Diabetic hyperglycemia promotes sorbitol production from glucose via aldose reductase. Since the intracellular accumulation of sorbitol, or its sequelae, are postulated to contribute to the progression of chronic diabetic complications, aldose reductase inhibitors (ARI) offer therapeutic promise. Others have shown that vitamin C at pharmacologic doses decreases erythrocyte (RBC) sorbitol. We examined whether smaller, physiologic doses of vitamin C were also effective in individuals with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and whether vitamin C was an ARI in vitro.Vitamin C supplements (100 or 600 mg) were taken daily for 58 days by young adults with IDDM and nondiabetic adults in an otherwise free-living design. Diabetic control was monitored by fasting plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, and glycosuria and was moderate to poor throughout the study. RBC sorbitol was measured at baseline and again at 30 and 58 days. Three-day dietary records and 24-hour urine collections were performed for each sampling day.RBC sorbitol levels were significantly elevated in IDDMs, on average doubled, despite their more than adequate dietary intakes of vitamin C and normal plasma concentrations. Vitamin C supplementation at either dose normalized the RBC sorbitol in IDDMs within 30 days. This correction of sorbitol accumulation was independent of changes in diabetic control. Furthermore, our in vitro studies show that ascorbic acid inhibited aldose reductase activity.Vitamin C supplementation is effective in reducing sorbitol accumulation in the erythrocytes of diabetics. Given its tissue distribution and low toxicity, we suggest a superiority for vitamin C over pharmaceutic ARIs.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1994.10718420

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Historically diet and arthritis have been cause/effect associated but the idea is controversial with little evidence that specific diet components are effective treatment. This controlled, double-blinded, crossover study reports the effect of folate and cobalamin supplements in 26 humans diagnosed for an average 5.7 years with idiopathic osteoarthritis of the hands who had been medicated by prescribed nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID).Subjects entered the study after a 10-day washout period from use of all anti-arthritis drugs, vitamins, and minerals. They were randomly allocated to consume daily 6400 micrograms folate or 6400 micrograms folate plus 20 micrograms cobalamin or lactose placebo each for 2 months within self-selected diets. Pain was to be medicated by acetaminophen as needed, and at the end of each phase they returned for assessment and dispensing of the next treatment. Serum folate and cobalamin, red blood cell folate, blood smears, diet records, standard rheumatology assessment and hand grip measurements were reviewed and statistically analyzed.For all subjects mean right and left hand grip values were higher with combined cobalamin-folate ingestion than with other“vitamin”supplements and were equivalent to NSAID use. Number of tender hand joints were greater with use of NSAID than with use of cobalamin-folate. Side effects with the vitamin combination were none; side effects of NSAID are many, and the cost of vitamins and acetaminophen also is lower.The limited number of subjects in this study demonstrates that ingestion of a prescribed cobalamin-folate supplement and acetaminophen as needed resulted in positive outcomes.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1994.10718421

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

To compare growth and metabolic parameters of infants fed special formulas for atopy prevention to breast-fed infants.Eighty-two infants with family history of IgE-mediated diseases completed a 6-month nutritional follow-up within a clinical trial to assess the effectiveness of the dietary intervention in preventing atopy. Infants were subdivided according to the type of milk feeding from the end of the first month of life up to sixth month: human milk (HM) group (29 infants); soy formula (SF) group (15 infants); whey-based low-degree hydrolysate (WHy) group (15 infants); casein-based high-degree hydrolysate (CHy) group (13 infants); soy plus collagen-based high-degree hydrolysate group (10 infants). Anthropometric indices were determined at 0, 3 and 6 months of life and a fasting blood sample for hematochemical parameters was obtained at 5 months of life before beginning the introduction of solid foods.Lower values of body mass index and higher blood urea nitrogen were displayed by the CHy group at 3 months. Plasma aminoacidograms showed higher essential amino acids (AA)/total AA in SF, WHy and CHy groups but lower branched chain AA/essential AA in all formula-fed infants in comparison with the HM group.Special formulas (in particular high-degree protein hydrolysates) should be carefully evaluated when used for prolonged periods of time in healthy infants at familial risk of atopy.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1994.10718422

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor