摘要:

Evidence is reviewed that dietary habits in industrially developed countries, especially an increased frequency of ingestion of foods of high energy density, may contribute to excessive hepatic cholesterol synthesis and to a preponderance of lipogenic versus lipolytic effects on the arterial intima, thereby favoring the formation and progression of atheroma. These effects are mediated by the rise and fall of circulating insulin levels. The evidence is suggestive of the possibility that frequent and prolonged exposure of the arterial wall to high circulating levels of insulin may favor the development of atherosclerotic lesions. Research on diet-atherosclerosis relationships should take into account not only overall diet composition but individual meal composition and size and their effects on serum insulin levels, as well as meal spacing and the relative durations of absorptive and postabsorptive periods during the 24-hour daily cycle.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1986.10720144

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Earlier work shows that hyperlipemic type II diabetics tolerate wide ranges of sucrose and carbohydrate intake without effects on glycemic control, but a rise of fasting serum triglycerides sometimes occurs. To address further the issue of individual susceptibility to carbohydrate, the current study was designed to use each patient as his own control when given diets widely varying in sucrose content. After a stabilization period in the hospital on a normal sucrose content diet, each subject was given either a very low sucrose (less than 3 gm/day)-low carbohydrate (38 +/−2%) diet or a high sucrose (220 gm)-high carbohydrate (63 +/−3%) diet for 4 weeks. On a separate admission the opposite diet was assessed, again after an initial normal sucrose content diet. No consistent differences occurred in serum glucose levels or in 24-hr urinary glycosuria. High sucrose-carbohydrate intake raised fasting hypertriglyceridemia after 2 weeks but less thereafter. Severe sucrose-carbohydrate restriction did not significantly decrease fasting serum triglycerides; postprandial triglycerides changed in a trend opposite to fasting levels. No differences occurred in fasting serum insulin or serum cholesterol levels, but postprandial insulin levels were higher in high sucrose-carbohydrate diets. A diet with low sucrose and low total carbohydrate appears to offer no improvement in glycemic control over at least 70-fold higher dietary sucrose levels. However, high sucrose and carbohydrate diets increase fasting triglyceride levels in hypertriglyceridemic type II diabetics.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1986.10720145

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

We have evaluated the hypothesis of a protective effect of human milk on the development of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). We studied the feeding histories of 95 diabetic children and compared them with controls consisting of their non-diabetic siblings and a pair matched group of nondiabetic peers of the same age, sex, geographical location, and social background. The incidence of breast feeding in diabetic children was 18%. This was similar to the control group. The duration of breast feedings was also similar among all three groups. There was no difference in the age of introduction of solid food between diabetic and nondiabetic children. Twice as many diabetic children, however, received soy containing formula in infancy as compared to control children. The mean age of onset of IDDM was not related to the type of feeding during infancy. The incidence of positive thyroid antibodies was two and one half times higher in formula-fed diabetic children than in breast-fed ones. In our studies we were unable to document any relationship between the history of breast feeding and subsequent development of IDDM in children.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1986.10720146

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Fructose has been considered as an alternative sweetener to sucrose because it results in less glycemia when given to normal subjects or to those with mild noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Oral fructose also results in efficient glycogen synthesis. However, multiple hepatotoxic effects have been reported following parenteral fructose administration. We have examined the effects of large oral fructose and glucose loads (4 g/kg) and of graded intravenous fructose doses (50-500 mg/kg) on hepatic metabolism and glycogen synthesis in normal, fasted rats. Fructose was absorbed more slowly than glucose when given by gavage (59% vs 91% absorbed in 120 min). Oral fructose administration resulted in greater liver and muscle glycogen synthesis, despite smaller increases in plasma glucose and insulin concentrations, than was found after oral glucose administration. Increases in percent glycogen synthase I (active form) occurred after both oral fructose and glucose loads (67% vs 115% increase). There was no evidence of hepatotoxicity even after a very large oral fructose load. When small (less than or equal to 125 mg/kg) iv doses of fructose were given, the portal vein fructose concentration remained less than or equal to that found after oral fructose administration (1.1 mM). The percent synthase I increased up to threefold, and there was no evidence of hepatotoxicity. Larger iv doses resulted in a fall in percent synthase I, an increase in percent phosphorylase a, and inorganic phosphate and nucleotide depletion. We conclude that the slow absorption of an oral fructose load prevents hepatotoxic effects and permits efficient glycogen synthesis.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1986.10720147

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Peripheral blood leucocytes from patients with Crohn's disease have been shown to have lower zinc content than those from a normal population. Since zinc influences essential fatty acid metabolism, incorporation of 14C-linoleic and 3H-arachidonic acids was studied in peripheral blood leucocytes from controls and patients with Crohn's disease. The zinc content of the leucocytes was also measured. After incubation for 2 h, content of 3H-arachidonic acid, but not 14C-linoleic acid, was greater in Crohn's disease leucocytes than in controls. In the Crohn's disease leucocytes, incorporation of both labelled fatty acids into the phosphatidylcholine fraction was significantly lower than in controls, whereas the amount of both fatty acids remaining in the leucocytes as free fatty acids was increased by 70%. In Crohn's disease, leucocyte zinc level was positively associated with the percentage of 3H-arachidonic acid incorporation into phosphatidylcholine. We conclude that peripheral blood leucocytes from patients with Crohn's disease have abnormal essential fatty acid metabolism and that 3H-arachidonic acid incorporation into the phosphatidylcholine fraction of leucocyte lipids in Crohn's disease varies as the zinc content of the leucocytes.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1986.10720148

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The solubility of calcium and phosphorus was studied in neonatal parenteral nutrition solutions containing dicarboxylic amino acids and cysteine. Experimental amino acid solutions containing aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and cysteine in concentrations from 0.5% to 2.0% were studied with dextrose concentrations of 5-20% plus standard electrolyte, vitamin, and trace element additives. Solutions were held at room temperature for 24 hr prior to incubation in a 37 degrees C water bath for 30 min. The pH of each solution was determined. Precipitation was detected by light scattering on a Cobas Bio centrifugal analyzer. An absorbance greater than 0.015 at 600 nm was considered evidence of precipitation. The pH of test solutions ranged between 5.7 and 6.4. Increasing amino acid concentration produced an improvement in calcium/phosphate solubility. Change in dextrose concentration had a lesser effect. Solutions of 10% dextrose with 2% amino acids contained 40 mEq/liter calcium and 17 mmol/liter phosphorus without precipitation. Administered at 150 ml/kg/day, such a solution would provide 120 mg/kg body weight/day calcium and 80 mg/kg/day phosphorus, approximately the daily in utero accretion rates during the last trimester. This is not readily achieved in comparable solutions of previous amino acid formulations.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1986.10720149

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Metabolically active B12 analogs and inactive B12 analogs were measured in plasma, red blood cells (RBC), and pooled pernicious anemia serum. B12 values by Lactobacillus leichmannii, Escherichia coli, Euglena gracilis, and radioisotope dilution method (RIDA) as assays for total B12 (active analogs + inactive analogs) were compared to Ochromonas malhamensis values as index of only metabolically active B12. B12 values above those with O malhamensis distinguished inactive analogs from active B12. Inactive analogs contribute 85, 97, 135, and 163% above active B12 activity in normal plasma when E gracilis, L leichmannii, RIDA, and E coli, respectively, were used for B12 analysis. RIDA B12 determinations for active B12 in plasma showed that 44% of the B12 measured was still due to inactive analogs when compared to O malhamensis B12 activity. Inactive B12 analogs contributed 21, 151, and 224% above O malhamensis active B12 in RBC when E gracilis, L leichmannii, and E coli, respectively, were used.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1986.10720150

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Diet is a component in the etiology of the two major causes of death in the United States, namely, cardiovascular disease and cancer. During the last decade, various organizations have suggested that we alter the“typical”American diet in order to decrease the incidence of these diseases even though both diseases are indisputably of multiple etiology. An implication behind these recommendations is that individuals will increase their longevity by changing their diets. The burden of proof falls on those proposing changes to the diet that such alterations will be safe and effective. In spite of our often indicted diet, mortality from heart disease and stroke continue to fall and deaths from diet-related cancers are static or dropping. Longevity in the U.S. is exceeded by only five countries, whose populations consume a diet similar to ours in four, and that in the fifth is approaching ours. While low-fat high-fiber diets probably have some beneficial effect vis-a-vis chronic diseases, it is likely that other risk factors contribute more to the total risk of disease. Therefore, it is illogical to expect dietary manipulation to offset significantly other concurrent risks such as heredity, tobacco use, hypertension, and obesity. Individuals who are at high risk for specific diseases should modify their diets to minimize this particular risk factor. Most Americans can safely reduce their intake of total calories, fat, sugar, and salt. Although this can be achieved most readily on a population basis by following a form of“prudent”diet, it is premature to promise medical benefits to individuals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1986.10720151

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Considerable progress has been made in understanding the complexities involved in the production of bacterial diarrheal diseases. The general mechanisms of disease that have been recognized include enterotoxigenicity, enteroadherence, and invasiveness. The interplay of epithelial cell surface receptors with the surface components of the various bacterial pathogens or their toxins will be reviewed. Knowledge of the stereospecific interactions of bacterial ligands with the eukaryotic receptors has led to the development of new strategies for prevention and therapy. The presence of foodstuffs in the intestinal lumen can contribute by a number of mechanisms to interference with the invading organism's attack on the intestinal cell surfaces. The effects of milk fat and plant lectins on the colonization of the bowel by enteric organisms is discussed.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1986.10720152

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1986.10738086

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor