ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1984.10738060

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1984.10738061

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

An historical overview of feeding habits is presented. Effects of food and feeding on human activity through the ages, changes in dietary habits and its effect on health, and beliefs and decisions about eating are reviewed. Lessons to be learned are offered from this historical perspective.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1984.10720042

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Issues regarding the efficacy of feeding human milk to premature infants include the development of optimal protocols for collecting, storing, and processing human milk. Studies of the nutritional and immunologic composition of milk produced by women who delivered term or premature infants and who weaned their infants gradually from human milk have been studied to identify optimal donors. The effects of specific collection, storage, and processing conditions on the composition of mature human milk also have been evaluated. Collection, storage, and processing conditions have distinct effects on specific functional components. The caloric content of milk, the content of nutrients carried in the lipid portion of milk, and selected enzymatic activities depend on the completeness with which the breast is emptied. Storing milk in polyethylene, polypropylene, and pyrex containers influences key immunologic components in human milk as do storage temperatures. None of the nutrient compositions of milks studied matched current estimates of the nutritional needs of premature infants. Importantly, both the concentrations and the pattern of change in nutrient and immunologic contents are distinct in milks of women delivering infants at term or prematurely. Further changes are seen during the process of gradual weaning.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1984.10720043

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Two aspects of the physiology of the developing gastrointestinal tract are discussed. The first one deals with functional peculiarities of the developing gastrointestinal tract. Examples are shown that less active function in the suckling (eg, low pepsin digestion in the newborn stomach) may actually give the suckling an advantage for another process. The existence of pH close to neutrality in the suckling's stomach enables“survival”of the milk and lingual lipases that are then“cooperating”with low pancreatic lipase known to be present in the sucklings. The other aspect discussed deals with the role of various factors involved in postnatal maturation of the gastrointestinal function. Using sucrase activity as an example, the important role and mutual interaction of fetal (genetic?) programming, dietary changes, and hormonal maturation are reviewed.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1984.10720044

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

There is a need to protect our young from an atherogenic way of life. Atherosclerosis and its precursors have their onset in childhood. Correctable risk factors have been identified that have been shown to exert greater impact early in life than later. Optimal levels of these risk factors for children are being established. The rise in serum lipids, blood pressure, body fat, and blood sugar observed in transition from childhood to adult life is neither inevitable nor desirable. Cardiovascular disease in adults may well begin in childhood with medical trivia such as a tendency to obesity, moderate lipid aberrations, blood pressure elevation, lack of exercise, and the cigarette habit. Recent evidence continues to emphasize blood lipids in atherogenesis. A large amount of cholesterol in the high density lipid (HDL) fraction is protective while the cholesterol in the low density lipid (LDL) is atherogenic. Optimal total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratios are in the vicinity of 3.5, corresponding to half the adult average risk in the United States. Worldwide evidence suggests that adult cholesterol values of 180-200 mg/dl are associated with both a low coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality and favorable overall health. In order to achieve this, 140 mg/dl values are needed in children whose blood lipids tend to track into adult life. The rise in serum lipids and deterioration in the LDL/HDL ratio in transition from childhood to adult life seems preventable through hygienic means in childhood when faulty life-styles that promote lipid-induced atherogenesis are conditioned.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1984.10720045

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1984.10720046

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

In the last century the way of life and the way of death have changed in the United States. Infectious diseases have been replaced by diseases of apparently complex origin. Inborn errors of metabolism are more common than the classical deficiency diseases. The discovery of vitamins and the essentiality of trace elements occurred in the 20th century. Plenty of characteristics have been identified to assess vitamin nutriture; methods of assessing trace element nutriture are less well developed. Newly discovered aspects of copper physiology are potentially useful in establishing requirements.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1984.10720047

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Most malnutrition in children is iatrogenic, which, like all iatrogenic complications, ought to be averted. Data showing the consequences of malnutrition on the outcome of the child with cancer is examined, with a recommendation made for taking the nutritional state of such a patient into account. Efficacy of nutritional intervention is discussed, as are the role of micronutrients. On these bases, the suggestion to treat malnutrition in the child with cancer is strongly urged.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1984.10720048

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

An understanding of the nutritional requirements of healthy, growing infants and children is required to guide parents in appropriate feeding practices which are consistent with their chosen life styles. Among the several prevalent types of food faddism are some that are not harmful or can beneficial, such as breast-feeding, others than can be of long-term benefit but that have limitations in infants and children, and others that can affect infants and children adversely. Those wishing to feed their children unconventional diets should have such diets carefully evaluated to avoid deficiencies of essential nutrients.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1984.10720049

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor